Physics For Grade 12

Introduction

Grade 12 Physics delves deeper into more advanced topics such as vector and projectile motion, circular motion, work and energy, momentum, waves and sound, electrostatics, electromagnetism and modern physics concepts such as quantum mechanics and relativity. Students engage in complex problem-solving, experimental analysis and real-world applications of physics principles. With an emphasis on mathematical modelling and critical thinking, this level prepares students for college-level physics and careers in science, engineering and technology.

All Chapters & Topics

1.  Advanced mechanics

• 1.1.  Dynamics
• 1.1.1.  Motion in two and three dimensions
• 1.1.2.  Advanced Projectile Motion and Range Equations
• 1.1.3.  Relative motion in different reference frames
• 1.1.4.  Motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields
• 1.1.5.  Non-uniformly accelerated motion in multiple dimensions
• 1.2.  Dynamics
• 1.2.1.  Newton's laws and applications in non-inertial frames
• 1.2.2.  Dynamics of particle systems
• 1.2.3.  Non-conservative forces and energy dissipation
• 1.2.4.  Momentum in variable mass systems (rocket momentum)
• 1.2.5.  Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics (Introduction)
• 1.3.  Work, Energy and Power
• 1.3.1.  Work done by non-conservative forces
• 1.3.2.  Power in rotational and translational motion
• 1.3.3.  Advanced Conservation Laws and Applications
• 1.3.4.  Potential energy surface and stability
• 1.4.  Advanced rotational speed
• 1.4.1.  Torque in three dimensions
• 1.4.2.  Moment of inertia for irregular bodies
• 1.4.3.  Gyroscopic motion and precession
• 1.4.4.  Rotational work–energy theorem
• 1.4.5.  Euler's equations of rotational motion
• 1.5.  Gravitational force
• 1.5.1.  Advanced Orbital Mechanics
• 1.5.2.  Lagrange points and stability of orbits
• 1.5.3.  Gravitational time dilation
• 1.5.4.  Escape velocity and energy considerations
• 1.5.5.  Tidal force and the Roche limit

2.  Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics

• 2.1.  Fluid dynamics
• 2.1.1.  Applications of Bernoulli's Principle
• 2.1.2.  Navier-Stokes equations and fluid resistance
• 2.1.3.  Turbulent vs. Laminar Flow
• 2.1.4.  Surface tension and capillary action
• 2.2.  Advanced Thermal Physics
• 2.2.1.  Thermodynamic equilibrium and heat engines
• 2.2.2.  Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
• 2.2.3.  Maxwell's demon and statistical thermodynamics
• 2.2.4.  Thermodynamic potential and free energy

3.  Oscillations and waves

• 3.1.  Advanced Simple Harmonic Motion
• 3.1.1.  Coupled oscillations and common modes
• 3.1.2.  Damped and driven oscillations
• 3.1.3.  Phase space and resonance
• 3.1.4.  Anharmonic oscillations
• 3.2.  Wave motion
• 3.2.1.  Advanced wave equations and dispersion
• 3.2.2.  Shock Waves and Sonic Booms
• 3.2.3.  Doppler effect in electromagnetic waves
• 3.2.4.  Wave–particle duality

4.  Electromagnetism

• 4.1.  Electrostatics
• 4.1.1.  Gauss's law in unilateral charge distribution
• 4.1.2.  Electric potential for complex charge configuration
• 4.1.3.  Electrostatic energy and self-energy of a system
• 4.1.4.  Dielectrics and Polarization
• 4.2.  Current Electricity
• 4.2.1.  Advanced Circuit Analysis (Thevenin and Norton theorems)
• 4.2.2.  RC, RL and RLC circuits in AC and DC
• 4.2.3.  Superconductivity and applications
• 4.3.  Advanced Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
• 4.3.1.  Magnetic fields in conductors and plasma
• 4.3.2.  Lenz's law in time-dependent magnetic fields
• 4.3.3.  Eddy Currents and Applications
• 4.3.4.  Magnetic dipole moment and torque on electric current loops
• 4.4.  Alternating Current and Electromagnetic Waves
• 4.4.1.  LC Circuits and Resonance
• 4.4.2.  Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic wave transmission
• 4.4.3.  Applications of Electromagnetic Waves
• 4.4.4.  Polarization and reflection of EM waves

5.  Optics

• 5.1.  Geometrical Optics
• 5.1.1.  Aberrations in optical systems
• 5.1.2.  Advanced lens and mirror formulas
• 5.1.3.  Optical Instruments and Adaptive Optics
• 5.2.  Wave optics
• 5.2.1.  Diffraction at single and multiple slits
• 5.2.2.  Optical Coherence and Interferometry
• 5.2.3.  Holography and applications

6.  Modern and quantum physics

• 6.1.  Special relativity
• 6.1.1.  Time expansion and length contraction
• 6.1.2.  Relativistic energy and mass
• 6.1.3.  Relativistic Doppler effect
• 6.2.  Quantum mechanics
• 6.2.1.  Schrödinger equation and wave function
• 6.2.2.  Quantum tunneling and applications
• 6.2.3.  Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• 6.2.4.  Quantum superposition and entanglement
• 6.3.  Nuclear physics
• 6.3.1.  Binding energy and mass defect
• 6.3.2.  Neutrino physics and beta decay
• 6.3.3.  Nuclear Fission and Fusion
• 6.4.  Particle physics
• 6.4.1.  Standard Model and fundamental interactions
• 6.4.2.  The Higgs boson and symmetry breaking
• 6.4.3.  Antimatter and CP violation

7.  Astrophysics and cosmology

• 7.1.  General relativity and gravity
• 7.1.1.  Einstein's field equations
• 7.1.2.  Gravitational waves and their detection
• 7.1.3.  Black holes and event horizons
• 7.2.  Cosmology
• 7.2.1.  Dark matter and dark energy
• 7.2.2.  Cosmic microwave background radiation
• 7.2.3.  The expansion of the universe and Hubble's law