Graduate
  1. Classical mechanics  1.1. Advanced Kinematics  1.1.1. Generalized coordinate systems  1.1.2. Parametric equations of motion  1.1.3. Non-inertial frames and fictitious forces  1.1.4. Covariant formulation of momentum  1.1.5. Action-angle variable  1.2. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics  1.2.1. Principle of minimum action  1.2.2. Euler–Lagrange equations  1.2.3. Noether's theorem and conservation laws  1.2.4. Normalized Speed  1.2.5. Canonical conversion  1.2.6. Poisson bracket and Hamilton–Jacobi theory  1.2.7. Hamiltonian chaos and integrability  1.3. Rigid body mobility  1.3.1. Euler's equations of motion  1.3.2. Principal moments of inertia  1.3.3. Gyroscopic motion and precession  1.3.4. Inertia tensor  1.3.5. Stability of rotational speed  1.4. Nonlinear dynamics and chaos  1.4.1. Phase space and stability analysis  1.4.2. Poincaré sections and bifurcation theory  1.4.3. Strange Attractors and Fractals  1.4.4. Lyapunov exponent  1.4.5. KAM theorem and quasi-periodic motion
  2. Electromagnetism  2.1. Advanced Electrodynamics  2.1.1. Green's function and potential theory  2.1.2. Multipole expansion  2.1.3. Image charging method  2.1.4. Boundary conditions and uniqueness theorem  2.2. Electromagnetic wave propagation  2.2.1. Plane waves in dielectrics and conductors  2.2.2. Waveguides and cavity resonators  2.2.3. Radiation pressure and optical tweezers  2.2.4. Polarization and Jones calculus  2.3. Relativistic electrodynamics  2.3.1. Covariant formulation of electrodynamics  2.3.2. Lienard–Wiechert potentials  2.3.3. Synchrotron radiation and bremsstrahlung  2.3.4. Electromagnetic field tensor and Lorentz transformations  2.4. Plasma physics  2.4.1. Magnetohydrodynamics  2.4.2. Debye shielding and plasma oscillations  2.4.3. Alfvén waves and tokamak confinement  2.4.4. Plasma instabilities and turbulence
  3. Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics  3.1. Advanced Thermodynamics  3.1.1. Legendre transforms and thermodynamic potentials  3.1.2. Fluctuation–dissipation theorem  3.1.3. Onsager interpersonal relations  3.1.4. Critical events and phase transitions  3.2. Quantum statistical mechanics  3.2.1. Density Matrix and Ensemble Theory  3.2.2. Bose–Einstein condensates  3.2.3. Quantum phase transition  3.2.4. Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein statistics  3.2.5. Partition functions and grand canonical ensembles
  4. Quantum mechanics  4.1. Advanced wave mechanics  4.1.1. WKB approximation  4.1.2. Path integral formulation  4.1.3. Quantum harmonic oscillator and coherent states  4.2. Angular momentum and spin  4.2.1. Spherical Harmonics  4.2.2. Clebsch–Gordan coefficient  4.2.3. Wigner–Eckart theorem  4.2.4. Spin–orbit coupling  4.3. Quantum scattering theory  4.3.1. Born approximation  4.3.2. Partial wave analysis  4.3.3. Optical theorem  4.3.4. S-matrix theory  4.4. Quantum field theory  4.4.1. Second Quantization  4.4.2. Feynman diagrams and propagators  4.4.3. Renormalization theory  4.4.4. Gauge theory and Yang–Mills fields  4.4.5. Spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism
  5. General relativity and cosmology  5.1. Tensor calculus and differential geometry  5.1.1. Einstein field equations  5.1.2. Schwarzschild and Kerr metrics  5.1.3. Geodesics and Christoffel symbols  5.2. Cosmology and the Universe  5.2.1. The FLRW metric and cosmic inflation  5.2.2. Dark energy and structure formation  5.2.3. Cosmic microwave background radiation
  6. Condensed matter physics  6.1. Band structure and transport theory  6.1.1. Block theorem and the Kronig–Penney model  6.1.2. Fermi surface topology  6.1.3. Quantum Hall Effect  6.2. Superconductivity  6.2.1. BCS theory and Cooper pairs  6.2.2. Meissner effect and flux quantization  6.2.3. The Josephson Effect and SQUIDs  6.3. Topological phases of matter  6.3.1. Topological Insulators  6.3.2. Majorana fermions in topological phases of matter
  7. Nuclear and Particle Physics  7.1. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)  7.1.1. Quark–gluon plasma  7.1.2. Asymptotic freedom  7.1.3. Confinement and hadronization  7.2. Beyond the Standard Model  7.2.1. Grand Unified Theories  7.2.2. Supersymmetry and extra dimensions  7.2.3. Neutrino oscillations

Graduate → Electromagnetism ↓


Advanced Electrodynamics


Advanced electrodynamics is a branch of physics that aims to study the equations and concepts governing the behavior of electric and magnetic fields, especially in electron motion and its interaction with various materials and waves. These fields play a vital role in understanding light, electricity, magnetism, and even the technology we use.

Maxwell's equations

At the core of electromagnetism are Maxwell's equations, which describe how electric and magnetic fields interact. These equations can be written in compact vector form as follows:

        ∇ · E = ρ/ε₀ ∇ · B = 0 ∇ × E = -∂B/∂t ∇ × B = μ₀J + μ₀ε₀∂E/∂t
        ∇ · E = ρ/ε₀ ∇ · B = 0 ∇ × E = -∂B/∂t ∇ × B = μ₀J + μ₀ε₀∂E/∂t

Here, E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field, ρ is the charge density, J is the current density, ε₀ is the permittivity of free space, and μ₀ is the permeability of free space.

Visualization of electric field

An electric field is created around a charged particle. Field lines provide a way of visualizing the field:

Electromagnetic waves

Electromagnetic waves are waves that are composed of both electric and magnetic fields. These fields oscillate perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation. Light is a common example of an electromagnetic wave.

Wave equation

The wave equation for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum can be expressed as:

        ∇²E = μ₀ε₀∂²E/∂t² ∇²B = μ₀ε₀∂²B/∂t²
        ∇²E = μ₀ε₀∂²E/∂t² ∇²B = μ₀ε₀∂²B/∂t²

These equations show how electric and magnetic fields propagate through space.

Visualization of a wave

In the figure above, the blue line represents the electric field and the red line represents the magnetic field. Both fields are perpendicular to each other.

Radiation and moving charges

Any accelerated charge emits radiation. This is a fundamental concept that explains how antennas work. The power emitted by an accelerated charge can be calculated using the Larmor formula:

        P = (μ₀ q² a²) / (6π c)
        P = (μ₀ q² a²) / (6π c)

Where P is power, q is charge, a is acceleration, and c is the speed of light.

Special relativity and electrodynamics

The special theory of relativity introduced by Einstein modifies classical electrodynamics to accommodate the constant speed of light in all inertial frames. One implication of this is the concept of relativistic electromagnetism, where fields change between frames.

Change of areas

Electric and magnetic fields transform according to the Lorentz transformation. If you have fields E and B in one frame moving with velocity v relative to another, they transform as follows:

        E' = γ(E + v × B) B' = γ(B - v × E/c²)
        E' = γ(E + v × B) B' = γ(B - v × E/c²)

Here, γ is the Lorentz factor defined by γ = 1/√(1 - v²/c²).

Visualization of relativistic effects

Imagine an electric charge moving at close to the speed of light. The magnetic field experienced due to this motion would be quite different from classical expectations.

charge

In this view, a rapidly moving charge alters nearby field lines substantially, compared to stationary conditions.

Possible formulations

Electrodynamics can be reformulated in terms of potentials, which are scalar and vector potentials (φ and A). The field is then derived as:

        E = -∇φ - ∂A/∂t B = ∇ × A
        E = -∇φ - ∂A/∂t B = ∇ × A

Using these potentials can simplify solving direct electromagnetic problems, especially under the Lorenz gauge condition.

This insight into advanced electrodynamics not only deepens the understanding of electromagnetic theory but also draws connections to other advanced theories in physics. The application of these theories spans a wide range of technologies, including wireless communications, medical imaging, and even satellite technology.


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Advanced Electrodynamics

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