Grade 7
  1. Introduction to Physics  1.1. Definition and scope of physics  1.2. Importance of Physics in Daily Life and Technology  1.3. Scientific method and its applications in physics  1.4. Measurement and Experiments in Physics  1.5. Branches of Physics and their Applications  1.6. Relation of physics with other sciences
  2. Measurement and units  2.1. Fundamental and derived quantities  2.2. SI units and unit conversions  2.3. Length measuring instruments and tools used  2.4. Measuring the difference between mass and weight  2.5. Measuring time with accuracy  2.6. Measuring the Volume of Regular and Irregular Objects  2.7. Measuring Temperature and Temperature Scales  2.8. Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures  2.9. Errors in Measurement and How to Reduce Them  2.10. Estimates and approximations in scientific calculations  2.11. Standard form and order of magnitude
  3. Speed and Force  3.1. Introduction to motion and rest  3.2. Types of motion - uniform and non-uniform  3.3. Scalars and vectors in motion  3.4. Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration  3.5. Distance-time and velocity-time graphs  3.6. Newton's first law of motion (law of inertia)  3.7. Newton's second law of motion (force and acceleration)  3.8. newton's third law of motion  3.9. Types of forces - contact and non-contact forces  3.10. Effect of forces on motion  3.11. Friction – types, effects and applications  3.12. Gravity, free fall and gravitational acceleration  3.13. Circular motion and centripetal force  3.14. Application of Newton's laws in real life
  4. Energy, Work and Power  4.1. Definition and forms of energy  4.2. Potential and Kinetic Energy  4.3. Law of conservation of energy  4.4. Energy transformations in everyday life  4.5. Work done by force and its calculation  4.6. Power - Definition and Calculation  4.7. Simple Machines and Mechanical Advantage  4.8. Efficiency and energy losses of machines  4.9. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources
  5. Heat and temperature  5.1. Difference Between Heat and Temperature  5.2. Thermometer and temperature scale (Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit)  5.3. Expansion and contraction of solids, liquids and gases  5.4. Heat transfer methods – conduction, convection and radiation  5.5. good and bad conductors of heat  5.6. Applications of heat transfer in daily life  5.7. Specific heat capacity and its applications  5.8. Latent heat and change of state  5.9. Thermal equilibrium and heat exchange  5.10. effect of heat on matter
  6. Lighting and Optics  6.1. Nature and properties of light  6.2. Reflection of light and laws of reflection  6.3. Image formation by plane and curved mirrors  6.4. Refraction of light and the laws of refraction  6.5. Lenses – convex and concave, image formation  6.6. Optical instruments – microscope, telescope, camera  6.7. Dispersion of light and formation of spectrum  6.8. Human eye, vision defects and their correction  6.9. Applications of optics in daily life  6.10. Total internal reflection and its applications
  7. Sound and waves  7.1. Nature and properties of waves  7.2. Production and propagation of sound  7.3. Characteristics of sound waves – frequency, amplitude, wavelength  7.4. Speed of sound in different mediums  7.5. Reflection of sound – echo and reverberation  7.6. Ultrasound and its applications  7.7. Doppler effect in sound waves  7.8. Noise pollution and its effects  7.9. Applications of sound in medicine and industry
  8. Electricity and Magnetism  8.1. Electric charge and static electricity  8.2. Electrical conductors and insulators  8.3. Electric current, voltage and resistance  8.4. Ohm's law and its applications  8.5. Electrical Circuits - Series and Parallel Circuits  8.6. Electric power and energy consumption  8.7. Safety precautions in the use of electricity  8.8. Properties of magnets and magnetic fields  8.9. Electromagnets - How They Work and Their Uses  8.10. Relation between electricity and magnetism (electromagnetic induction)  8.11. Applications of electromagnetism in technology  8.12. Earth's magnetic field and its effects
  9. Matter and its properties  9.1. Classification of matter- solid, liquid and gas  9.2. Properties of different states of matter  9.3. Kinetic theory of matter  9.4. Changes in the state of matter and their causes  9.5. Expansion and contraction of substances  9.6. Density and its calculation  9.7. Pressure in solids, liquids and gases  9.8. Atmospheric pressure and its effects  9.9. Applications of pressure in daily life  9.10. Buoyancy and Archimedes' principle
  10. Space Science and Solar System  10.1. Introduction to Astronomy  10.2. Solar System - Planets and their Characteristics  10.3. Sun - structure and energy production  10.4. Moon - phases and its effect on Earth  10.5. Rotation and revolution of the earth  10.6. Solar and lunar eclipses  10.7. Gravity in space and its role in orbits  10.8. Artificial satellites and their uses  10.9. Space exploration and modern discoveries  10.10. Asteroids, comets and meteors  10.11. Life beyond Earth - Possibilities and Theories
  11. Environmental Physics  11.1. Impact of physics on environmental science  11.2. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources  11.3. Energy conservation and efficiency  11.4. Climate change and its effects on Earth  11.5. Air, water and soil pollution – causes and effects  11.6. Greenhouse effect and global warming  11.7. Sustainable development and environmental protection  11.8. Role of Physics in Weather and Climate Studies

Grade 7 → Space Science and Solar System ↓


Moon - phases and its effect on Earth


The Moon, Earth's only natural satellite, is a fascinating celestial body that plays a vital role in Earth's ecosystem. This article explains in detail the phases of the Moon and their effects on our planet. Understanding these phases and effects will enhance your understanding of the unique relationship between Earth and the Moon.

Phases of the Moon

The moon does not produce its own light; it reflects sunlight. As it orbits the Earth, different parts of the moon are illuminated, creating the phases we see. The cycle of these phases lasts about 29.5 days and is divided into eight distinct phases.

1. New moon

During a new moon, the side of the moon facing Earth is not illuminated by the sun. This means we cannot see the moon in the sky. The new moon marks the beginning of the lunar cycle.

2. The waxing crescent

After the new moon, a small portion of the moon becomes visible. This small portion or crescent is on the right side of the moon. The term "waxing" refers to the process of the visible part of the moon increasing in size.

3. First trimester

In the first phase, half of the moon's surface is visible. The right half of the moon is fully illuminated, and the cycle continues.

4. Waxing gibbous

As more of the moon is illuminated, we see the growing gibbous phase. A larger portion of the moon is visible, and "gibbous" refers to the swollen appearance of the moon during this phase.

5. Full moon

The full moon phase is when the entire face of the moon is illuminated by the sun's rays. The moon appears as a full circle in the sky.

6. Waning gibbous

After the full moon, the visible portion of the moon begins to wane or fade. During the waning phase, more than half of the moon is still visible.

7. Third trimester

In the third quarter, also called the last quarter, half of the Moon is again exposed to sunlight, but now its left side is illuminated.

8. Waning crescent

The last phase of the lunar cycle is the waning crescent. Here, only a small portion of the left side of the moon is visible before we return to the new moon phase again.

How the phases of the moon affect the Earth

The different phases of the Moon have many effects on Earth, which are not only scientifically fascinating but also important for our daily lives.

Tide

One of the most notable effects of the Moon on Earth is its effect on ocean tides. The gravitational pull between the Earth and the Moon causes ocean levels to rise and fall. This phenomenon is known as tides.

There are two types of tides:

  • Spring tides: Occur during the full moon and new moon when the Earth, moon and sun are aligned. The combined gravitational forces of the moon and sun cause higher than normal tides and lower than normal tides.
  • Neap tides: Occur during the first and third quarters when the moon is at a right angle to the sun relative to the Earth. The gravitational pull is less, making the difference between high and low tides smaller.

Gravitational force formula:

F = G * ((m1 * m2) / r^2)

Where:

  • F is the force between the masses.
  • G is the gravitational constant (6.67430 * 10^-11 N(m/kg)^2).
  • m1 and m2 are two masses.
  • r is the distance between the centers of the two masses.

Biological rhythms

The phases of the moon can affect the biological rhythms of organisms living on Earth. For example, some animals are active at night and their behavior is affected by the amount of moonlight. The lunar cycle can also affect the reproductive cycles of fish and other marine organisms.

Lunar eclipse

A lunar eclipse is a phenomenon in which the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon, preventing sunlight from reaching the Moon. This can only happen during a full moon. During a lunar eclipse, the Moon may appear reddish due to the Earth's atmosphere scattering sunlight.

Cultural influences

Throughout human history, different cultures have used the phases of the moon for a variety of purposes, including agricultural calendars, religious events, and navigation. Many languages have words for each phase of the moon, reflecting the importance of these cycles in human life.

Conclusion

The phases of the Moon and its many effects on Earth are essential aspects of our natural world. Understanding these cycles helps us not only appreciate the natural phenomena we see in the sky, but also understand their important impact on the planet and its inhabitants.


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Moon - phases and its effect on Earth

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