Grade 10
  1. Mechanics  1.1. Dynamics  1.1.1. Motion in one dimension  1.1.2. Motion in two dimensions  1.1.3. Displacement and Distance  1.1.4. Speed and Velocity  1.1.5. Acceleration  1.1.6. Graphical representation of motion  1.1.7. Equations of motion  1.1.8. Free fall and acceleration due to gravity  1.1.9. Projectile motion  1.1.10. Relative speed  1.2. Dynamics  1.2.1. Newton's Laws of Motion  1.2.2. Inertia and mass  1.2.3. Force and its types  1.2.4. action and reaction force  1.2.5. Friction and its effects  1.2.6. Coefficient of friction  1.2.7. Circular motion  1.2.8. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration  1.2.9. Momentum and Impulse  1.2.10. Conservation of momentum  1.2.11. Newton's third law and applications  1.3. Work, Energy and Power  1.3.1. Work done by the force  1.3.2. Work–energy theorem  1.3.3. Kinetic energy  1.3.4. Potential energy  1.3.5. Mechanical energy  1.3.6. Energy Conservation  1.3.7. Power and efficiency  1.3.8. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources  1.4. Gravitational force  1.4.1. Newton's law of universal gravitation  1.4.2. Gravitational field and field strength  1.4.3. Acceleration due to gravity on different planets  1.4.4. Kepler's laws of planetary motion  1.4.5. Orbits and satellites  1.4.6. Weight and apparent weight  1.4.7. Gravitational potential energy
  2. Properties of matter  2.1. States of matter  2.1.1. Solid, liquid and gas  2.1.2. Molecular structure of matter  2.1.3. Intermolecular forces  2.1.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  2.2. Pressure  2.2.1. Definition of Pressure  2.2.2. Pressure in liquids  2.2.3. Atmospheric pressure  2.2.4. Pascal's principle  2.2.5. Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy  2.2.6. Surface tension and capillarity  2.3. Elasticity  2.3.1. Hooke's law  2.3.2. Stress and strain  2.3.3. Elastic Limit and Modulus of Elasticity  2.3.4. Applications of Elasticity
  3. Thermal physics  3.1. heat and temperature  3.1.1. Difference Between Heat and Temperature  3.1.2. Temperature scale  3.1.3. Thermal expansion  3.1.4. Thermal equilibrium  3.2. Heat transfer  3.2.1. Conductivity  3.2.2. Convection  3.2.3. Radiation  3.2.4. Insulation and its applications  3.3. Thermal properties of matter  3.3.1. Specific heat capacity  3.3.2. Latent heat and phase change  3.3.3. Boiling and Melting Point  3.3.4. Heat engines and refrigeration  3.4. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.4.1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics  3.4.2. First law of thermodynamics  3.4.3. Second law of thermodynamics  3.4.4. Carnot cycle
  4. Waves and optics  4.1. Nature and properties of waves  4.1.1. Types of waves in nature and properties of waves  4.1.2. Transverse and longitudinal waves  4.1.3. Wave parameters  4.1.4. Reflection and refraction of waves  4.1.5. Superposition and Interference  4.1.6. Standing Waves and Resonance  4.1.7. Doppler effect  4.2. Sound waves  4.2.1. Characteristics of sound waves  4.2.2. Speed of sound in different mediums  4.2.3. Applications of sound waves  4.2.4. Ultrasound and its uses  4.3. Light Waves and Optics  4.3.1. Nature of light  4.3.2. Reflection of light  4.3.3. Laws of reflection  4.3.4. Mirrors and Image Formation  4.3.5. Refraction of light  4.3.6. Snell's Law  4.3.7. Lenses and Image Formation  4.3.8. Total internal reflection and critical angle  4.3.9. Optical fibre  4.4. Optical Instruments  4.4.1. Microscope  4.4.2. Telescope  4.4.3. Human eye and vision defects  4.4.4. Camera and its working principle
  5. Electricity and Magnetism  5.1. Electrostatics  5.1.1. Electric charge and its properties  5.1.2. Conductors and Insulators  5.1.3. Coulomb's law  5.1.4. Electric field and field lines  5.1.5. Electric potential and potential difference  5.1.6. Capacitors and Capacitance  5.2. Current Electricity  5.2.1. Electric current and its measurement  5.2.2. Ohm's law  5.2.3. Resistance and resistivity  5.2.4. Series and Parallel Circuits  5.2.5. Electric power and energy  5.2.6. Kirchhoff's Laws  5.3. Magnetism and Electromagnetism  5.3.1. Magnetic field and field lines  5.3.2. Magnetic effects of electric current  5.3.3. Electromagnetic induction  5.3.4. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction  5.3.5. Transformers and Applications  5.3.6. AC and DC current
  6. Modern Physics  6.1. Nuclear physics  6.1.1. Structure of the atom  6.1.2. Bohr's atomic model  6.1.3. Electron Energy Levels  6.1.4. X-rays and applications  6.2. Radioactivity  6.2.1. Types of radiation  6.2.2. Half-life and radioactive decay  6.2.3. Nuclear reactions and applications  6.2.4. Fission and Fusion  6.3. Quantum physics  6.3.1. Wave–particle duality  6.3.2. Photoelectric effect  6.3.3. Energy quantization  6.3.4. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
  7. Electronics and Communication  7.1. Semiconductors  7.1.1. Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors  7.1.2. Diodes and their applications  7.1.3. Transistors and Logic Gates  7.1.4. LEDs and photodiodes  7.2. Communication Systems  7.2.1. Basics of communication  7.2.2. Analog and digital signals  7.2.3. Wireless and optical fibre communication  7.2.4. Radio Waves and Modulation

Grade 10 → Mechanics → Dynamics ↓


Motion in one dimension


Motion in one dimension is a fundamental concept in physics. It refers to the motion of an object in a straight line. It is the simplest form of motion and is also known as linear motion. Understanding motion in one dimension involves measuring and describing the motion of objects using concepts such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time. Let's learn more about each of these concepts.

Key concepts in motion

1. Displacement

Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to the change in the position of an object. It is the straight-line distance from the initial position to the final position, as well as the direction.

Example:
If a car travels from point A to point B, which is 100 m east, then the displacement will be 100 m east.

Let us consider two points on a straight path: point A and point B. If an object moves from point A to point B, then the displacement is the vector from A to B.

A B

2. Distance

Distance is a scalar quantity that tells how far an object has traveled during its motion. Unlike displacement, distance does not include direction.

Example:
If a person walks 4 m east and then 3 m west, the distance travelled is 7 m, while the displacement is 1 m towards east.

3. Velocity

Velocity is a vector quantity that represents the rate at which an object changes its position. It has both magnitude and direction.

Formula:
Velocity (v) = Displacement (Δx) / Time (Δt)

If an object moves to the right along a straight path from position P1 to position P2 in a given time period, then the velocity can be understood as:

P1 P2

4. Speed

Speed is a scalar quantity and it is the rate at which an object covers a distance. Unlike velocity, speed does not take direction into account.

Formula:
Speed = Total distance / Total time

Imagine a player running on a circular track. Even though the velocity changes due to direction, if the player keeps his rate of motion constant, then the speed remains constant.

5. Acceleration

Acceleration is a vector quantity that represents the rate of change in the velocity of an object. It can be due to a change in speed, direction, or both.

Formula:
Acceleration (a) = Change in velocity (Δv) / Time (Δt)

To visualize acceleration, consider an object starting from rest. As it accelerates, its velocity increases over time.

t = 0 s, v = 0 m/s t = 5s, v = rising

Types of linear motion

1. Uniform motion

In uniform motion, an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time. This means that the velocity of the object is constant, and thus its acceleration is zero.

Example:
A car moving at a constant speed of 60 km/h on a straight road has a uniform motion.

2. Non-uniform motion

In non-uniform motion, an object travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time. The velocity of the object changes, which means it is accelerating.

Example:
A ball rolling down a hill speeds up as it reaches the base, and exhibits non-uniform motion.

Mathematical description of motion

The equations of motion, often referred to as the "kinetic equations," are a set of four formulas that relate five quantities of motion: displacement (s), initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a), and time (t).

1. V = U + At
2. S = UT + (1/2)AT²
3. v² = u² + 2as
4. S = ((U + V) / 2) * T

These equations are useful for calculating one of the five values if the other four values are known.

Examples and applications

Example 1: Calculating velocity

A train covers a distance of 1200 m from station X to station Y in 240 seconds. Find the average velocity of the train.

Solution:
Given, displacement (Δx) = 1200 m, time (Δt) = 240 sec.
Velocity (v) = Displacement (Δx) / Time (Δt)
             = 1200 / 240
             = 5 m/s

Example 2: Calculating acceleration

The velocity of a car increases from 15 m/s to 25 m/s in 5 sec. Find its acceleration.

Solution:
Initial velocity (u) = 15 m/s, Final velocity (v) = 25 m/s, Time (Δt) = 5 sec.
Acceleration (a) = (v – u) / Δt
                 = (25 - 15) / 5
                 = 2 m/s²

Real-world applications: free fall

Free fall is motion occurring only under the influence of the force of gravity. When objects fall freely, they experience a constant acceleration due to gravity. On Earth, this is about 9.8 m/s², directed downward.

Example:
An apple falls from a tree. Use 9.8 m/s² for the free-fall acceleration to calculate the velocity of the apple after 3 seconds.
Solution:
Initial velocity (u) = 0 m/s (starting from rest),
Acceleration due to gravity (a) = 9.8 m/s²,
Time (t) = 3 sec.
v = u + at
  = 0 + (9.8 * 3)
  = 29.4 m/s

This example demonstrates the use of kinematic equations to calculate motion parameters.

Conclusion

Understanding motion in one dimension serves as a foundational concept in physics. By mastering it, we can describe and analyze real-world activities in various fields of science and engineering. With the basic concepts of displacement, velocity, speed, and acceleration, as well as mathematical tools such as equations of motion, we can predict and understand the behavior of moving objects in our universe.


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Motion in one dimension

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