Grade 10
  1. Mechanics  1.1. Dynamics  1.1.1. Motion in one dimension  1.1.2. Motion in two dimensions  1.1.3. Displacement and Distance  1.1.4. Speed and Velocity  1.1.5. Acceleration  1.1.6. Graphical representation of motion  1.1.7. Equations of motion  1.1.8. Free fall and acceleration due to gravity  1.1.9. Projectile motion  1.1.10. Relative speed  1.2. Dynamics  1.2.1. Newton's Laws of Motion  1.2.2. Inertia and mass  1.2.3. Force and its types  1.2.4. action and reaction force  1.2.5. Friction and its effects  1.2.6. Coefficient of friction  1.2.7. Circular motion  1.2.8. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration  1.2.9. Momentum and Impulse  1.2.10. Conservation of momentum  1.2.11. Newton's third law and applications  1.3. Work, Energy and Power  1.3.1. Work done by the force  1.3.2. Work–energy theorem  1.3.3. Kinetic energy  1.3.4. Potential energy  1.3.5. Mechanical energy  1.3.6. Energy Conservation  1.3.7. Power and efficiency  1.3.8. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources  1.4. Gravitational force  1.4.1. Newton's law of universal gravitation  1.4.2. Gravitational field and field strength  1.4.3. Acceleration due to gravity on different planets  1.4.4. Kepler's laws of planetary motion  1.4.5. Orbits and satellites  1.4.6. Weight and apparent weight  1.4.7. Gravitational potential energy
  2. Properties of matter  2.1. States of matter  2.1.1. Solid, liquid and gas  2.1.2. Molecular structure of matter  2.1.3. Intermolecular forces  2.1.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  2.2. Pressure  2.2.1. Definition of Pressure  2.2.2. Pressure in liquids  2.2.3. Atmospheric pressure  2.2.4. Pascal's principle  2.2.5. Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy  2.2.6. Surface tension and capillarity  2.3. Elasticity  2.3.1. Hooke's law  2.3.2. Stress and strain  2.3.3. Elastic Limit and Modulus of Elasticity  2.3.4. Applications of Elasticity
  3. Thermal physics  3.1. heat and temperature  3.1.1. Difference Between Heat and Temperature  3.1.2. Temperature scale  3.1.3. Thermal expansion  3.1.4. Thermal equilibrium  3.2. Heat transfer  3.2.1. Conductivity  3.2.2. Convection  3.2.3. Radiation  3.2.4. Insulation and its applications  3.3. Thermal properties of matter  3.3.1. Specific heat capacity  3.3.2. Latent heat and phase change  3.3.3. Boiling and Melting Point  3.3.4. Heat engines and refrigeration  3.4. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.4.1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics  3.4.2. First law of thermodynamics  3.4.3. Second law of thermodynamics  3.4.4. Carnot cycle
  4. Waves and optics  4.1. Nature and properties of waves  4.1.1. Types of waves in nature and properties of waves  4.1.2. Transverse and longitudinal waves  4.1.3. Wave parameters  4.1.4. Reflection and refraction of waves  4.1.5. Superposition and Interference  4.1.6. Standing Waves and Resonance  4.1.7. Doppler effect  4.2. Sound waves  4.2.1. Characteristics of sound waves  4.2.2. Speed of sound in different mediums  4.2.3. Applications of sound waves  4.2.4. Ultrasound and its uses  4.3. Light Waves and Optics  4.3.1. Nature of light  4.3.2. Reflection of light  4.3.3. Laws of reflection  4.3.4. Mirrors and Image Formation  4.3.5. Refraction of light  4.3.6. Snell's Law  4.3.7. Lenses and Image Formation  4.3.8. Total internal reflection and critical angle  4.3.9. Optical fibre  4.4. Optical Instruments  4.4.1. Microscope  4.4.2. Telescope  4.4.3. Human eye and vision defects  4.4.4. Camera and its working principle
  5. Electricity and Magnetism  5.1. Electrostatics  5.1.1. Electric charge and its properties  5.1.2. Conductors and Insulators  5.1.3. Coulomb's law  5.1.4. Electric field and field lines  5.1.5. Electric potential and potential difference  5.1.6. Capacitors and Capacitance  5.2. Current Electricity  5.2.1. Electric current and its measurement  5.2.2. Ohm's law  5.2.3. Resistance and resistivity  5.2.4. Series and Parallel Circuits  5.2.5. Electric power and energy  5.2.6. Kirchhoff's Laws  5.3. Magnetism and Electromagnetism  5.3.1. Magnetic field and field lines  5.3.2. Magnetic effects of electric current  5.3.3. Electromagnetic induction  5.3.4. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction  5.3.5. Transformers and Applications  5.3.6. AC and DC current
  6. Modern Physics  6.1. Nuclear physics  6.1.1. Structure of the atom  6.1.2. Bohr's atomic model  6.1.3. Electron Energy Levels  6.1.4. X-rays and applications  6.2. Radioactivity  6.2.1. Types of radiation  6.2.2. Half-life and radioactive decay  6.2.3. Nuclear reactions and applications  6.2.4. Fission and Fusion  6.3. Quantum physics  6.3.1. Wave–particle duality  6.3.2. Photoelectric effect  6.3.3. Energy quantization  6.3.4. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
  7. Electronics and Communication  7.1. Semiconductors  7.1.1. Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors  7.1.2. Diodes and their applications  7.1.3. Transistors and Logic Gates  7.1.4. LEDs and photodiodes  7.2. Communication Systems  7.2.1. Basics of communication  7.2.2. Analog and digital signals  7.2.3. Wireless and optical fibre communication  7.2.4. Radio Waves and Modulation

Grade 10 ↓


Electricity and Magnetism


Electricity and magnetism are two closely related concepts in physics that deal with the forces and interactions between charged particles. In grade 10 physics, these topics are fundamental as they form the basis for understanding more complex physics topics in the future. Let's explore these fascinating topics in detail.

Electricity: flow of charge

Electricity is the study of electrical charges and their interactions. Basically, electricity deals with the flow of electrical charges from one place to another. The movement of these charges is called electric current. The unit of electric charge is coulomb, and the flow of charge is measured in amperes (A).

Electric charge

There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative. Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract. This is similar to the behavior of two magnets. The force between electric charges can be described by Coulomb's law, which states that the force between two charges varies directly with the product of their charges and inversely with the square of the distance between them.

F = k * |q1 * q2| / r^2

Where F is the force, k is the Coulomb constant, q1 and q2 are the quantities of charge, and r is the distance between the charges.

Electric current

Electric current is the rate at which charge flows across a surface. It is usually carried by electrons moving in a wire. The formula for electric current is:

I = Q / t

Where I is current, Q is electric charge, and t is time.

Visualization of electric current

Imagine a water hose. The water flowing through the hose represents electric current, and the volume of flowing water represents electric charge. The speed of water flow is analogous to current. Below is a representation of electric current flow in a wire:

Voltage: the driving force behind electric charge

Voltage, also known as electric potential difference, is the driving force that causes electric charges to move. It is comparable to the pressure pushing water through a hose. Voltage is measured in volts (V).

Withstanding voltage

If you imagine a battery, it has a certain voltage that indicates how much energy it can provide per charge to move electrons through a circuit. The relationship between voltage, current and resistance is described by Ohm's law:

V = I * R

Where V is the voltage, I is the current, and R is the resistance.

Visualization of voltage

Consider a battery connected to a light bulb. The voltage can be viewed as the energy needed to push electrons through the bulb's filament, causing the bulb to light up:

Resistance: opposing the flow of current

Resistance is the tendency of a material to resist the flow of charge (current). It is measured in ohms (Ω). Different materials have different levels of resistance. For example, copper wires have low resistance and conduct electricity well, while rubber has high resistance and acts as an insulator.

Factors affecting resistance

  • Content: Superconductors have extremely low resistance, conductors have even lower resistance, while insulators have high resistance.
  • Length: Longer wires have higher resistance.
  • Cross-sectional area: Thin wires have higher resistance.
  • Temperature: Higher temperatures generally increase the resistance of conductors.

Ohm's law visual example

Magnetism: magnetic forces and fields

Magnetism is a force of attraction or repulsion that acts at a distance. It is caused by magnetic fields, which are caused by moving electric charges. Magnetism and electricity are intrinsically connected because they are both aspects of the electromagnetic force.

Magnetic pole

A magnet has two poles: north (N) and south (S). Opposite poles attract each other, while like poles repel. The magnetic force is a non-contact force, meaning it acts at a distance.

N S

Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism describes the relationship between electricity and magnetism. When electric current passes through a wire, it creates a magnetic field around it. This principle is used in many technologies, such as electric motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction

Electromagnetic induction is the process of producing electric current by the movement of a magnetic field. It was discovered by Michael Faraday and is described by Faraday's law of induction. The principle of electromagnetic induction is used in electricity generation.

Electromagnetic field visualization

In the figure given below, imagine a simple solenoid or coil through which electric current is flowing, and a magnetic field is being created:

Conclusion

Electricity and magnetism are not only foundational topics in physics, but are deeply intertwined through the principles of electromagnetism. Understanding these principles not only helps us understand fundamental physics, but also expands our understanding of the technologies that shape the modern world.


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Electricity and Magnetism

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