Grade 10
  1. Mechanics  1.1. Dynamics  1.1.1. Motion in one dimension  1.1.2. Motion in two dimensions  1.1.3. Displacement and Distance  1.1.4. Speed and Velocity  1.1.5. Acceleration  1.1.6. Graphical representation of motion  1.1.7. Equations of motion  1.1.8. Free fall and acceleration due to gravity  1.1.9. Projectile motion  1.1.10. Relative speed  1.2. Dynamics  1.2.1. Newton's Laws of Motion  1.2.2. Inertia and mass  1.2.3. Force and its types  1.2.4. action and reaction force  1.2.5. Friction and its effects  1.2.6. Coefficient of friction  1.2.7. Circular motion  1.2.8. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration  1.2.9. Momentum and Impulse  1.2.10. Conservation of momentum  1.2.11. Newton's third law and applications  1.3. Work, Energy and Power  1.3.1. Work done by the force  1.3.2. Work–energy theorem  1.3.3. Kinetic energy  1.3.4. Potential energy  1.3.5. Mechanical energy  1.3.6. Energy Conservation  1.3.7. Power and efficiency  1.3.8. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources  1.4. Gravitational force  1.4.1. Newton's law of universal gravitation  1.4.2. Gravitational field and field strength  1.4.3. Acceleration due to gravity on different planets  1.4.4. Kepler's laws of planetary motion  1.4.5. Orbits and satellites  1.4.6. Weight and apparent weight  1.4.7. Gravitational potential energy
  2. Properties of matter  2.1. States of matter  2.1.1. Solid, liquid and gas  2.1.2. Molecular structure of matter  2.1.3. Intermolecular forces  2.1.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  2.2. Pressure  2.2.1. Definition of Pressure  2.2.2. Pressure in liquids  2.2.3. Atmospheric pressure  2.2.4. Pascal's principle  2.2.5. Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy  2.2.6. Surface tension and capillarity  2.3. Elasticity  2.3.1. Hooke's law  2.3.2. Stress and strain  2.3.3. Elastic Limit and Modulus of Elasticity  2.3.4. Applications of Elasticity
  3. Thermal physics  3.1. heat and temperature  3.1.1. Difference Between Heat and Temperature  3.1.2. Temperature scale  3.1.3. Thermal expansion  3.1.4. Thermal equilibrium  3.2. Heat transfer  3.2.1. Conductivity  3.2.2. Convection  3.2.3. Radiation  3.2.4. Insulation and its applications  3.3. Thermal properties of matter  3.3.1. Specific heat capacity  3.3.2. Latent heat and phase change  3.3.3. Boiling and Melting Point  3.3.4. Heat engines and refrigeration  3.4. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.4.1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics  3.4.2. First law of thermodynamics  3.4.3. Second law of thermodynamics  3.4.4. Carnot cycle
  4. Waves and optics  4.1. Nature and properties of waves  4.1.1. Types of waves in nature and properties of waves  4.1.2. Transverse and longitudinal waves  4.1.3. Wave parameters  4.1.4. Reflection and refraction of waves  4.1.5. Superposition and Interference  4.1.6. Standing Waves and Resonance  4.1.7. Doppler effect  4.2. Sound waves  4.2.1. Characteristics of sound waves  4.2.2. Speed of sound in different mediums  4.2.3. Applications of sound waves  4.2.4. Ultrasound and its uses  4.3. Light Waves and Optics  4.3.1. Nature of light  4.3.2. Reflection of light  4.3.3. Laws of reflection  4.3.4. Mirrors and Image Formation  4.3.5. Refraction of light  4.3.6. Snell's Law  4.3.7. Lenses and Image Formation  4.3.8. Total internal reflection and critical angle  4.3.9. Optical fibre  4.4. Optical Instruments  4.4.1. Microscope  4.4.2. Telescope  4.4.3. Human eye and vision defects  4.4.4. Camera and its working principle
  5. Electricity and Magnetism  5.1. Electrostatics  5.1.1. Electric charge and its properties  5.1.2. Conductors and Insulators  5.1.3. Coulomb's law  5.1.4. Electric field and field lines  5.1.5. Electric potential and potential difference  5.1.6. Capacitors and Capacitance  5.2. Current Electricity  5.2.1. Electric current and its measurement  5.2.2. Ohm's law  5.2.3. Resistance and resistivity  5.2.4. Series and Parallel Circuits  5.2.5. Electric power and energy  5.2.6. Kirchhoff's Laws  5.3. Magnetism and Electromagnetism  5.3.1. Magnetic field and field lines  5.3.2. Magnetic effects of electric current  5.3.3. Electromagnetic induction  5.3.4. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction  5.3.5. Transformers and Applications  5.3.6. AC and DC current
  6. Modern Physics  6.1. Nuclear physics  6.1.1. Structure of the atom  6.1.2. Bohr's atomic model  6.1.3. Electron Energy Levels  6.1.4. X-rays and applications  6.2. Radioactivity  6.2.1. Types of radiation  6.2.2. Half-life and radioactive decay  6.2.3. Nuclear reactions and applications  6.2.4. Fission and Fusion  6.3. Quantum physics  6.3.1. Wave–particle duality  6.3.2. Photoelectric effect  6.3.3. Energy quantization  6.3.4. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
  7. Electronics and Communication  7.1. Semiconductors  7.1.1. Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors  7.1.2. Diodes and their applications  7.1.3. Transistors and Logic Gates  7.1.4. LEDs and photodiodes  7.2. Communication Systems  7.2.1. Basics of communication  7.2.2. Analog and digital signals  7.2.3. Wireless and optical fibre communication  7.2.4. Radio Waves and Modulation

Grade 10 → Mechanics ↓


Dynamics


Dynamics is a branch of mechanics that deals with motion. It describes how objects move, their speed, direction and how they are accelerated. Unlike kinematics, which also considers forces caused by motion, kinetics assumes that no forces are being applied. It is solely concerned with the description of motion.

To understand dynamics, let's break it down into its most essential components: distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.

Distance and displacement

Distance is the total path covered by an object during its motion. It is a scalar quantity which means it has only magnitude, not direction.

Displacement, on the other hand, is the overall change in an object's position. It's a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. For example, if you walk 3 meters north and then 4 meters south, your total distance traveled is 7 meters, but your displacement is 1 meter south.

Total distance = 7 meters Displacement = 1 m south

Speed and velocity

Speed is the rate at which an object covers a distance. It is a scalar quantity that has only magnitude and no direction. It can be calculated using the following formula:

Speed = Distance traveled / Time taken

For example, if a car travels 60 kilometers in 2 hours, its speed will be 30 kilometers per hour.

Velocity is similar to speed, but it is a vector quantity. It describes the rate of change of displacement, thus taking into account direction as well as magnitude. The formula for average velocity is:

Velocity = Displacement / Time taken

For example, if a bird walks 100 meters east in 50 seconds, its velocity will be 2 meters per second eastward.

velocity = 2 m/s east

Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of an object. It tells how quickly an object speeds up or down. Acceleration is a vector quantity. The formula to find constant acceleration is:

Acceleration = (Final velocity - Initial velocity) / Time taken

For example, if a bike accelerates from rest to 20 m/s in 10 seconds, the acceleration is 2 m/s2.

Equations of motion

Dynamics relies on a set of equations to predict the future motion of objects when current conditions are known. These are called the equations of motion, which apply only under constant acceleration. The three main equations are:

1. The first equation of motion

v = u + at

where v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity, a is the acceleration, and t is the elapsed time.

2. The second equation of motion

s = ut + (1/2)at²

Here, s is the displacement, u is the initial velocity, a is the acceleration, and t is the elapsed time.

3. The third equation of motion

v² = u² + 2as

where v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity, a is the acceleration, and s is the displacement.

Example problems

Let's solve some problems using the equations of motion and see how they work.

Example 1: Finding the final velocity

A car starts from rest and accelerates at a speed of 5 m/s² for 10 seconds. What will be its final velocity?

Given: 
u = 0 m/s (starts from rest) 
a = 5 m/s² 
t = 10 s 
Using the first equation of motion: 
v = u + at 
v = 0 + (5 * 10) 
v = 50 m/s

The final velocity of the car will be 50 m/s.

Example 2: Calculating displacement

A vehicle with an initial velocity of 10 m/s accelerates at a speed of 3 m/s² for 5 seconds. What is the displacement covered by the vehicle in this time?

Given: 
u = 10 m/s 
a = 3 m/s² 
t = 5 s 
Using the second equation of motion: 
s = ut + (1/2)at² 
s = (10 * 5) + 0.5 * 3 * (5 * 5) 
s = 50 + 0.5 * 3 * 25 
s = 50 + 37.5 
s = 87.5 m

The displacement capacity of the vehicle is 87.5 m.

Graphical representation of motion

Graphs are another important tool for depicting motion in dynamics. We often use position-time graphs, velocity-time graphs, and acceleration-time graphs.

Position-time graph

A position-time graph shows how the position of an object changes over time. A straight horizontal line represents no change in position (rest), while a sloping line represents motion. A greater slope means faster motion.

Velocity-time graph

The velocity-time graph shows how velocity changes over time. The slope of this graph represents acceleration. A steady positive slope indicates an increase in speed, while a steady negative slope indicates a slowdown.

Acceleration-time graph

The acceleration-time graph shows how the acceleration is changing with time. If the acceleration is constant, the graph will be a horizontal line.

Through understanding these core components and concepts of dynamics, students can gain a deeper understanding of how objects move and predict their future actions under different circumstances. Developing a strong understanding of these principles can lay the foundation for more advanced study in physics and related fields.


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Dynamics

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