Grade 10
  1. Mechanics  1.1. Dynamics  1.1.1. Motion in one dimension  1.1.2. Motion in two dimensions  1.1.3. Displacement and Distance  1.1.4. Speed and Velocity  1.1.5. Acceleration  1.1.6. Graphical representation of motion  1.1.7. Equations of motion  1.1.8. Free fall and acceleration due to gravity  1.1.9. Projectile motion  1.1.10. Relative speed  1.2. Dynamics  1.2.1. Newton's Laws of Motion  1.2.2. Inertia and mass  1.2.3. Force and its types  1.2.4. action and reaction force  1.2.5. Friction and its effects  1.2.6. Coefficient of friction  1.2.7. Circular motion  1.2.8. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration  1.2.9. Momentum and Impulse  1.2.10. Conservation of momentum  1.2.11. Newton's third law and applications  1.3. Work, Energy and Power  1.3.1. Work done by the force  1.3.2. Work–energy theorem  1.3.3. Kinetic energy  1.3.4. Potential energy  1.3.5. Mechanical energy  1.3.6. Energy Conservation  1.3.7. Power and efficiency  1.3.8. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources  1.4. Gravitational force  1.4.1. Newton's law of universal gravitation  1.4.2. Gravitational field and field strength  1.4.3. Acceleration due to gravity on different planets  1.4.4. Kepler's laws of planetary motion  1.4.5. Orbits and satellites  1.4.6. Weight and apparent weight  1.4.7. Gravitational potential energy
  2. Properties of matter  2.1. States of matter  2.1.1. Solid, liquid and gas  2.1.2. Molecular structure of matter  2.1.3. Intermolecular forces  2.1.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  2.2. Pressure  2.2.1. Definition of Pressure  2.2.2. Pressure in liquids  2.2.3. Atmospheric pressure  2.2.4. Pascal's principle  2.2.5. Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy  2.2.6. Surface tension and capillarity  2.3. Elasticity  2.3.1. Hooke's law  2.3.2. Stress and strain  2.3.3. Elastic Limit and Modulus of Elasticity  2.3.4. Applications of Elasticity
  3. Thermal physics  3.1. heat and temperature  3.1.1. Difference Between Heat and Temperature  3.1.2. Temperature scale  3.1.3. Thermal expansion  3.1.4. Thermal equilibrium  3.2. Heat transfer  3.2.1. Conductivity  3.2.2. Convection  3.2.3. Radiation  3.2.4. Insulation and its applications  3.3. Thermal properties of matter  3.3.1. Specific heat capacity  3.3.2. Latent heat and phase change  3.3.3. Boiling and Melting Point  3.3.4. Heat engines and refrigeration  3.4. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.4.1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics  3.4.2. First law of thermodynamics  3.4.3. Second law of thermodynamics  3.4.4. Carnot cycle
  4. Waves and optics  4.1. Nature and properties of waves  4.1.1. Types of waves in nature and properties of waves  4.1.2. Transverse and longitudinal waves  4.1.3. Wave parameters  4.1.4. Reflection and refraction of waves  4.1.5. Superposition and Interference  4.1.6. Standing Waves and Resonance  4.1.7. Doppler effect  4.2. Sound waves  4.2.1. Characteristics of sound waves  4.2.2. Speed of sound in different mediums  4.2.3. Applications of sound waves  4.2.4. Ultrasound and its uses  4.3. Light Waves and Optics  4.3.1. Nature of light  4.3.2. Reflection of light  4.3.3. Laws of reflection  4.3.4. Mirrors and Image Formation  4.3.5. Refraction of light  4.3.6. Snell's Law  4.3.7. Lenses and Image Formation  4.3.8. Total internal reflection and critical angle  4.3.9. Optical fibre  4.4. Optical Instruments  4.4.1. Microscope  4.4.2. Telescope  4.4.3. Human eye and vision defects  4.4.4. Camera and its working principle
  5. Electricity and Magnetism  5.1. Electrostatics  5.1.1. Electric charge and its properties  5.1.2. Conductors and Insulators  5.1.3. Coulomb's law  5.1.4. Electric field and field lines  5.1.5. Electric potential and potential difference  5.1.6. Capacitors and Capacitance  5.2. Current Electricity  5.2.1. Electric current and its measurement  5.2.2. Ohm's law  5.2.3. Resistance and resistivity  5.2.4. Series and Parallel Circuits  5.2.5. Electric power and energy  5.2.6. Kirchhoff's Laws  5.3. Magnetism and Electromagnetism  5.3.1. Magnetic field and field lines  5.3.2. Magnetic effects of electric current  5.3.3. Electromagnetic induction  5.3.4. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction  5.3.5. Transformers and Applications  5.3.6. AC and DC current
  6. Modern Physics  6.1. Nuclear physics  6.1.1. Structure of the atom  6.1.2. Bohr's atomic model  6.1.3. Electron Energy Levels  6.1.4. X-rays and applications  6.2. Radioactivity  6.2.1. Types of radiation  6.2.2. Half-life and radioactive decay  6.2.3. Nuclear reactions and applications  6.2.4. Fission and Fusion  6.3. Quantum physics  6.3.1. Wave–particle duality  6.3.2. Photoelectric effect  6.3.3. Energy quantization  6.3.4. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
  7. Electronics and Communication  7.1. Semiconductors  7.1.1. Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors  7.1.2. Diodes and their applications  7.1.3. Transistors and Logic Gates  7.1.4. LEDs and photodiodes  7.2. Communication Systems  7.2.1. Basics of communication  7.2.2. Analog and digital signals  7.2.3. Wireless and optical fibre communication  7.2.4. Radio Waves and Modulation

Grade 10 → Mechanics → Dynamics ↓


Force and its types


In the study of physics, it is important to understand force and its different types. This is one of the fundamental concepts in the section of mechanics known as dynamics. In this comprehensive guide, we will go into detail about what force is, describe its different types, and illustrate these concepts with detailed examples. This explanation has been prepared in simple language to help Class 10 students form a solid understanding of the subject.

What is force?

Force is the push or pull on an object that results from its interaction with another object. Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, a force acts on each object. These forces can cause objects to speed up, slow down, stay in place, or change shape. The SI unit of measuring force is the newton (N).

Mathematically, force can be described using the famous equation derived by Sir Isaac Newton:

    F = m * a

Here, F represents force, m represents mass and a represents acceleration.

Example: Calculating force

Suppose a car has a mass of 1000 kg and it moves at a rate of 2 meters per square second. The force acting on the car can be calculated as follows:

    F = 1000 kg * 2 m/s² = 2000 N

Types of forces

There are many types of forces, which can be broadly classified into contact forces and non-contact forces.

Contact force

Contact forces are forces that occur when objects physically touch each other. This group includes different types of forces:

1. Friction force

Friction force is the force that opposes the motion of an object. It acts parallel to the surfaces in contact. When you slide a book on a table, the friction force between the book and the table slows down the moving book.

BookFriction force

2. Tension force

Tension force is the force exerted by a wire, rope, cable or similar object on one or more objects. It acts along the length of the wire and pulls equally on the objects at either end of the wire.

3. Normal force

Normal force is the supporting force applied to an object that is in contact with another stationary object. For example, when a book rests on a table, the table exerts an upward normal force on the book.

BookNormal force

4. Applied force

Applied force is the force that is exerted on an object by a person or another object. If a person pushes a desk across the room, an applied force is acting on the desk.

Non-contact forces

Non-contact forces are those that act on an object without physical contact. Major non-contact forces include:

1. Gravitational force

Gravitational force is the force of attraction between two bodies. It is the force that keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun and pulls us toward Earth. The weight of an object is due to the force of gravity acting on it.

EarthSunGravity

2. Electromagnetic force

Electromagnetic forces are the forces associated with electric and magnetic fields. These forces involve the repulsion or attraction between magnetic poles.

3. Nuclear force

Nuclear forces are the strong forces that act within the nucleus of an atom and hold it together, and are stronger than gravitational and electromagnetic forces over very short distances.

Understanding forces from real-world examples

Example 1: Driving a car

When you are driving a car, different types of forces act:

  • The engine applies force to the wheels, causing the car to move forward.
  • The frictional force acts between the tyres and the road, which provides the necessary grip to avoid skidding.
  • While driving on a level surface, the weight of the car (gravitational force) and the normal force applied by the road balance each other vertically.

Example 2: A skydiver's jump

When a skydiver jumps from a plane, we see:

  • The force of gravity is pulling the skydiver toward the Earth.
  • The air exerts a frictional force (air resistance) in the direction opposite to the motion, slowing down the fall.

Conclusion

Forces are ubiquitous in our daily experiences, shaping the physical interactions we observe. Understanding the different types of forces not only helps us understand the natural phenomena around us but also forms the foundation for further studies in physics.

This discovery of force lays the groundwork for more advanced topics in physics such as energy, momentum, and the laws of motion. These fundamental principles of dynamics are important when we analyze more complex systems and the universe itself.


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Force and its types

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