Grade 10
  1. Mechanics  1.1. Dynamics  1.1.1. Motion in one dimension  1.1.2. Motion in two dimensions  1.1.3. Displacement and Distance  1.1.4. Speed and Velocity  1.1.5. Acceleration  1.1.6. Graphical representation of motion  1.1.7. Equations of motion  1.1.8. Free fall and acceleration due to gravity  1.1.9. Projectile motion  1.1.10. Relative speed  1.2. Dynamics  1.2.1. Newton's Laws of Motion  1.2.2. Inertia and mass  1.2.3. Force and its types  1.2.4. action and reaction force  1.2.5. Friction and its effects  1.2.6. Coefficient of friction  1.2.7. Circular motion  1.2.8. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration  1.2.9. Momentum and Impulse  1.2.10. Conservation of momentum  1.2.11. Newton's third law and applications  1.3. Work, Energy and Power  1.3.1. Work done by the force  1.3.2. Work–energy theorem  1.3.3. Kinetic energy  1.3.4. Potential energy  1.3.5. Mechanical energy  1.3.6. Energy Conservation  1.3.7. Power and efficiency  1.3.8. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources  1.4. Gravitational force  1.4.1. Newton's law of universal gravitation  1.4.2. Gravitational field and field strength  1.4.3. Acceleration due to gravity on different planets  1.4.4. Kepler's laws of planetary motion  1.4.5. Orbits and satellites  1.4.6. Weight and apparent weight  1.4.7. Gravitational potential energy
  2. Properties of matter  2.1. States of matter  2.1.1. Solid, liquid and gas  2.1.2. Molecular structure of matter  2.1.3. Intermolecular forces  2.1.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  2.2. Pressure  2.2.1. Definition of Pressure  2.2.2. Pressure in liquids  2.2.3. Atmospheric pressure  2.2.4. Pascal's principle  2.2.5. Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy  2.2.6. Surface tension and capillarity  2.3. Elasticity  2.3.1. Hooke's law  2.3.2. Stress and strain  2.3.3. Elastic Limit and Modulus of Elasticity  2.3.4. Applications of Elasticity
  3. Thermal physics  3.1. heat and temperature  3.1.1. Difference Between Heat and Temperature  3.1.2. Temperature scale  3.1.3. Thermal expansion  3.1.4. Thermal equilibrium  3.2. Heat transfer  3.2.1. Conductivity  3.2.2. Convection  3.2.3. Radiation  3.2.4. Insulation and its applications  3.3. Thermal properties of matter  3.3.1. Specific heat capacity  3.3.2. Latent heat and phase change  3.3.3. Boiling and Melting Point  3.3.4. Heat engines and refrigeration  3.4. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.4.1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics  3.4.2. First law of thermodynamics  3.4.3. Second law of thermodynamics  3.4.4. Carnot cycle
  4. Waves and optics  4.1. Nature and properties of waves  4.1.1. Types of waves in nature and properties of waves  4.1.2. Transverse and longitudinal waves  4.1.3. Wave parameters  4.1.4. Reflection and refraction of waves  4.1.5. Superposition and Interference  4.1.6. Standing Waves and Resonance  4.1.7. Doppler effect  4.2. Sound waves  4.2.1. Characteristics of sound waves  4.2.2. Speed of sound in different mediums  4.2.3. Applications of sound waves  4.2.4. Ultrasound and its uses  4.3. Light Waves and Optics  4.3.1. Nature of light  4.3.2. Reflection of light  4.3.3. Laws of reflection  4.3.4. Mirrors and Image Formation  4.3.5. Refraction of light  4.3.6. Snell's Law  4.3.7. Lenses and Image Formation  4.3.8. Total internal reflection and critical angle  4.3.9. Optical fibre  4.4. Optical Instruments  4.4.1. Microscope  4.4.2. Telescope  4.4.3. Human eye and vision defects  4.4.4. Camera and its working principle
  5. Electricity and Magnetism  5.1. Electrostatics  5.1.1. Electric charge and its properties  5.1.2. Conductors and Insulators  5.1.3. Coulomb's law  5.1.4. Electric field and field lines  5.1.5. Electric potential and potential difference  5.1.6. Capacitors and Capacitance  5.2. Current Electricity  5.2.1. Electric current and its measurement  5.2.2. Ohm's law  5.2.3. Resistance and resistivity  5.2.4. Series and Parallel Circuits  5.2.5. Electric power and energy  5.2.6. Kirchhoff's Laws  5.3. Magnetism and Electromagnetism  5.3.1. Magnetic field and field lines  5.3.2. Magnetic effects of electric current  5.3.3. Electromagnetic induction  5.3.4. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction  5.3.5. Transformers and Applications  5.3.6. AC and DC current
  6. Modern Physics  6.1. Nuclear physics  6.1.1. Structure of the atom  6.1.2. Bohr's atomic model  6.1.3. Electron Energy Levels  6.1.4. X-rays and applications  6.2. Radioactivity  6.2.1. Types of radiation  6.2.2. Half-life and radioactive decay  6.2.3. Nuclear reactions and applications  6.2.4. Fission and Fusion  6.3. Quantum physics  6.3.1. Wave–particle duality  6.3.2. Photoelectric effect  6.3.3. Energy quantization  6.3.4. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
  7. Electronics and Communication  7.1. Semiconductors  7.1.1. Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors  7.1.2. Diodes and their applications  7.1.3. Transistors and Logic Gates  7.1.4. LEDs and photodiodes  7.2. Communication Systems  7.2.1. Basics of communication  7.2.2. Analog and digital signals  7.2.3. Wireless and optical fibre communication  7.2.4. Radio Waves and Modulation

Grade 10 → Mechanics ↓


Dynamics


Dynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the causes of motion and how they affect motion. It plays a vital role in understanding how objects start moving, stop and change direction. The core of dynamics is the study of forces and the interaction of objects. In simple terms, it helps us understand how and why objects move.

What is force?

Before diving into dynamics, it's important to understand what a force is. Force is a push or pull applied to an object that can change its motion. Forces have both magnitude (how strong) and direction, making them vector quantities. An everyday example is when you push a shopping cart, the force you apply causes it to move.

Newton's Laws of Motion

Dynamics relies heavily on Sir Isaac Newton's three laws of motion, which describe how objects behave when forces act on them. Let's explore each law with examples.

Newton's first law of motion

Also called the law of inertia, it states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move at the same speed and in the same direction, unless an external force is applied on it.

For example, consider a hockey puck sliding on ice. It will continue moving in a straight line unless a force, such as friction or a player's stick, acts on it.

Newton's second law of motion

This law describes how the velocity of an object changes when an external force is applied to it. It can be formulated as follows:

F = m * a

Where F is the force applied to an object, m is the mass of the object, and a is the acceleration. This equation tells us that the applied force produces an acceleration proportional to the mass of the object.

Imagine pushing two boxes, one filled with feathers and the other with bricks. The same force will produce a much greater acceleration in the box with feathers because it has less mass.

F Mass

Newton's third law of motion

Known for the phrase "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction," this law states that forces always occur in pairs. When object A exerts a force on object B, object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A.

A simple example is the interaction between a car's wheels and the ground. As the wheels push backward on the ground, the ground pushes the wheels forward, causing the car to move forward.

Different types of forces

In dynamics, different types of forces can affect the motion of an object. Here are some common forces you may encounter:

Gravitational force

It is the force of attraction between two bodies. It keeps planets in orbit and makes objects fall to the ground. The force can be calculated using Newton's law of universal gravitation.

F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2

where F is the force between the masses, G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses, and r is the distance between the centers of the two masses.

Gravity

Normal force

It is the supporting force applied to an object in contact with a surface. For example, a book placed on a table experiences a normal force equal to its weight, which acts perpendicular to the surface.

Friction force

Friction opposes the sliding motion of one surface over another. It can significantly affect the motion of an object. There are two main types of friction: static friction, which stops motion, and kinetic friction, which slows down a moving object.

clash

Tension force

This force is transmitted through a string, rope or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting at both ends. It acts in the direction of the string or wire.

Application of dynamics in real life situations

Let's look at some everyday examples where mobility plays a vital role:

Cars

When a car accelerates, brakes, or turns, dynamics describe how the forces between the tires and the road affect its motion. Engineers design cars for maximum safety by understanding these forces.

Game

Athletes use their knowledge of forces to improve their performance. For example, a basketball player uses dynamics to calculate the correct angle and force needed to make a perfect shot.

Amusement park rides

Roller coasters, for example, are great examples of dynamic dynamics because they rely on gravity and centripetal forces to thrill riders.

Example problem and solution

Let's solve a simple problem using Newton's second law of motion:

If a toy car of mass 2 kg is pushed with a force of 10 N, what will be its acceleration?

F = m * a
10 N = 2 kg * a
a = 10 N / 2 kg
a = 5 m/s²

The acceleration of the toy car is 5 metres per square second.

In conclusion, dynamics provides us with fundamental information about the interaction of forces and their effects on motion. By exploring dynamics, we gain a deeper understanding of the forces that govern the natural world and our everyday experiences.


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Dynamics

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