Grade 10
  1. Mechanics  1.1. Dynamics  1.1.1. Motion in one dimension  1.1.2. Motion in two dimensions  1.1.3. Displacement and Distance  1.1.4. Speed and Velocity  1.1.5. Acceleration  1.1.6. Graphical representation of motion  1.1.7. Equations of motion  1.1.8. Free fall and acceleration due to gravity  1.1.9. Projectile motion  1.1.10. Relative speed  1.2. Dynamics  1.2.1. Newton's Laws of Motion  1.2.2. Inertia and mass  1.2.3. Force and its types  1.2.4. action and reaction force  1.2.5. Friction and its effects  1.2.6. Coefficient of friction  1.2.7. Circular motion  1.2.8. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration  1.2.9. Momentum and Impulse  1.2.10. Conservation of momentum  1.2.11. Newton's third law and applications  1.3. Work, Energy and Power  1.3.1. Work done by the force  1.3.2. Work–energy theorem  1.3.3. Kinetic energy  1.3.4. Potential energy  1.3.5. Mechanical energy  1.3.6. Energy Conservation  1.3.7. Power and efficiency  1.3.8. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources  1.4. Gravitational force  1.4.1. Newton's law of universal gravitation  1.4.2. Gravitational field and field strength  1.4.3. Acceleration due to gravity on different planets  1.4.4. Kepler's laws of planetary motion  1.4.5. Orbits and satellites  1.4.6. Weight and apparent weight  1.4.7. Gravitational potential energy
  2. Properties of matter  2.1. States of matter  2.1.1. Solid, liquid and gas  2.1.2. Molecular structure of matter  2.1.3. Intermolecular forces  2.1.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  2.2. Pressure  2.2.1. Definition of Pressure  2.2.2. Pressure in liquids  2.2.3. Atmospheric pressure  2.2.4. Pascal's principle  2.2.5. Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy  2.2.6. Surface tension and capillarity  2.3. Elasticity  2.3.1. Hooke's law  2.3.2. Stress and strain  2.3.3. Elastic Limit and Modulus of Elasticity  2.3.4. Applications of Elasticity
  3. Thermal physics  3.1. heat and temperature  3.1.1. Difference Between Heat and Temperature  3.1.2. Temperature scale  3.1.3. Thermal expansion  3.1.4. Thermal equilibrium  3.2. Heat transfer  3.2.1. Conductivity  3.2.2. Convection  3.2.3. Radiation  3.2.4. Insulation and its applications  3.3. Thermal properties of matter  3.3.1. Specific heat capacity  3.3.2. Latent heat and phase change  3.3.3. Boiling and Melting Point  3.3.4. Heat engines and refrigeration  3.4. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.4.1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics  3.4.2. First law of thermodynamics  3.4.3. Second law of thermodynamics  3.4.4. Carnot cycle
  4. Waves and optics  4.1. Nature and properties of waves  4.1.1. Types of waves in nature and properties of waves  4.1.2. Transverse and longitudinal waves  4.1.3. Wave parameters  4.1.4. Reflection and refraction of waves  4.1.5. Superposition and Interference  4.1.6. Standing Waves and Resonance  4.1.7. Doppler effect  4.2. Sound waves  4.2.1. Characteristics of sound waves  4.2.2. Speed of sound in different mediums  4.2.3. Applications of sound waves  4.2.4. Ultrasound and its uses  4.3. Light Waves and Optics  4.3.1. Nature of light  4.3.2. Reflection of light  4.3.3. Laws of reflection  4.3.4. Mirrors and Image Formation  4.3.5. Refraction of light  4.3.6. Snell's Law  4.3.7. Lenses and Image Formation  4.3.8. Total internal reflection and critical angle  4.3.9. Optical fibre  4.4. Optical Instruments  4.4.1. Microscope  4.4.2. Telescope  4.4.3. Human eye and vision defects  4.4.4. Camera and its working principle
  5. Electricity and Magnetism  5.1. Electrostatics  5.1.1. Electric charge and its properties  5.1.2. Conductors and Insulators  5.1.3. Coulomb's law  5.1.4. Electric field and field lines  5.1.5. Electric potential and potential difference  5.1.6. Capacitors and Capacitance  5.2. Current Electricity  5.2.1. Electric current and its measurement  5.2.2. Ohm's law  5.2.3. Resistance and resistivity  5.2.4. Series and Parallel Circuits  5.2.5. Electric power and energy  5.2.6. Kirchhoff's Laws  5.3. Magnetism and Electromagnetism  5.3.1. Magnetic field and field lines  5.3.2. Magnetic effects of electric current  5.3.3. Electromagnetic induction  5.3.4. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction  5.3.5. Transformers and Applications  5.3.6. AC and DC current
  6. Modern Physics  6.1. Nuclear physics  6.1.1. Structure of the atom  6.1.2. Bohr's atomic model  6.1.3. Electron Energy Levels  6.1.4. X-rays and applications  6.2. Radioactivity  6.2.1. Types of radiation  6.2.2. Half-life and radioactive decay  6.2.3. Nuclear reactions and applications  6.2.4. Fission and Fusion  6.3. Quantum physics  6.3.1. Wave–particle duality  6.3.2. Photoelectric effect  6.3.3. Energy quantization  6.3.4. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
  7. Electronics and Communication  7.1. Semiconductors  7.1.1. Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors  7.1.2. Diodes and their applications  7.1.3. Transistors and Logic Gates  7.1.4. LEDs and photodiodes  7.2. Communication Systems  7.2.1. Basics of communication  7.2.2. Analog and digital signals  7.2.3. Wireless and optical fibre communication  7.2.4. Radio Waves and Modulation

Grade 10 ↓


Mechanics


Mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that affect that motion. In this explanation, we will cover the fundamentals of mechanics, focusing on concepts that are commonly introduced in grade 10 physics. We will explore topics such as motion, force, energy, and momentum. Our goal is to make these concepts as clear and straightforward as possible, using simple language and examples.

Dynamics: the study of motion

Dynamics is the study of motion without considering the forces that cause motion. It involves describing the motion of objects using concepts such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.

Distance and displacement

Distance refers to how far an object has covered during its motion. It is a scalar quantity, which means it has only magnitude and no direction. For example, if you walk 3 kilometers north and then 4 kilometers east, you have covered a total distance of 7 kilometers.

Displacement, on the other hand, is the change in the position of an object. It is a vector quantity, which means it has both magnitude and direction. In the earlier example, when you travel a distance of 7 kilometers, your displacement will be from your starting point to your ending point, which is in the northeast direction.

Start Ending

In the diagram above, the red dot represents the initial position, and the green dot represents the final point. The lines represent the path covered along with the total distance, while the straight line connecting the start to the end represents the displacement.

Speed and velocity

Speed is a scalar quantity that tells how fast an object is moving. It does not include direction. The formula for speed is given as:

Speed = Distance / Time

Velocity is different from speed because it is a vector quantity. It includes both the speed and the direction of motion. The formula for velocity is:

Velocity = Displacement / Time

Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity. When the velocity of an object changes, it is said to accelerate. The formula for acceleration is:

Acceleration = (Final Velocity - Initial Velocity) / Time

If an object's speed increases then its acceleration is positive, and if its speed slows down then its acceleration is negative.

Dynamics: the study of forces

Dynamics investigates the forces that cause motion. In this section, we will discuss the concept of force, Newton's laws of motion, and the role of gravity.

Force

Force is an action that changes the speed, direction, or shape of an object. It is a vector quantity, having both magnitude and direction. The unit of force is Newton (N).

Newton's laws of motion

  1. First law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues to move with the same speed and direction unless an unbalanced force is applied on it.
  2. Second law: The acceleration of an object is proportional to the total force applied on it and inversely proportional to its mass. It can be expressed by the formula: 
    F = m * a
    Where F is the total force, m is the mass of the object, and a is the acceleration.
  3. Third law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that for every force applied to an object, a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction is applied by the object on another object.

Gravity

Gravity is a force that pulls objects toward one another. Earth's gravity pulls everything toward its center. Near the Earth's surface, gravity gives objects an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2, which is often taken to be equal to 10 m/s2 for easier calculations.

Work, energy and power

Work and energy are very closely related concepts in physics. When a force accelerates an object, work is done on that object. Energy is the capacity to do work. Power is the rate at which work is done.

Work

Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance. The formula for work is:

Work = Force * Distance * cos(θ)

Where θ is the angle between the applied force and the direction of motion.

Energy

Energy comes in several forms, such as kinetic energy (energy of motion) and potential energy (stored energy). Kinetic energy is given by the formula:

Kinetic Energy = 0.5 * m * v^2

Where m is the mass of the object and v is the velocity.

Potential energy in terms of gravity is calculated as:

Potential Energy = m * g * h

Where m is the mass, g is the gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s2), and h is the height above the reference point.

Power

Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. The formula for power is:

Power = Work / Time

Power is measured in watts (W), where 1 watt is equal to 1 joule per second.

Momentum

Momentum is a measure of mass in motion. Any moving object has momentum. It is calculated using the formula:

Momentum = Mass * Velocity

Momentum is a vector quantity, that is, it has both magnitude and direction.

Conservation of momentum

The law of conservation of momentum states that in a closed system, without external forces, the total momentum before the interaction is equal to the total momentum after the interaction.

Conclusion

By understanding the basic principles of mechanics, we gain valuable information about the physical laws that govern motion and forces. From analyzing the motion of cars to understanding the flight of baseballs, mechanics gives us the tools to appreciate and predict the behavior of moving objects in our daily lives.


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