Grade 10
  1. Mechanics  1.1. Dynamics  1.1.1. Motion in one dimension  1.1.2. Motion in two dimensions  1.1.3. Displacement and Distance  1.1.4. Speed and Velocity  1.1.5. Acceleration  1.1.6. Graphical representation of motion  1.1.7. Equations of motion  1.1.8. Free fall and acceleration due to gravity  1.1.9. Projectile motion  1.1.10. Relative speed  1.2. Dynamics  1.2.1. Newton's Laws of Motion  1.2.2. Inertia and mass  1.2.3. Force and its types  1.2.4. action and reaction force  1.2.5. Friction and its effects  1.2.6. Coefficient of friction  1.2.7. Circular motion  1.2.8. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration  1.2.9. Momentum and Impulse  1.2.10. Conservation of momentum  1.2.11. Newton's third law and applications  1.3. Work, Energy and Power  1.3.1. Work done by the force  1.3.2. Work–energy theorem  1.3.3. Kinetic energy  1.3.4. Potential energy  1.3.5. Mechanical energy  1.3.6. Energy Conservation  1.3.7. Power and efficiency  1.3.8. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources  1.4. Gravitational force  1.4.1. Newton's law of universal gravitation  1.4.2. Gravitational field and field strength  1.4.3. Acceleration due to gravity on different planets  1.4.4. Kepler's laws of planetary motion  1.4.5. Orbits and satellites  1.4.6. Weight and apparent weight  1.4.7. Gravitational potential energy
  2. Properties of matter  2.1. States of matter  2.1.1. Solid, liquid and gas  2.1.2. Molecular structure of matter  2.1.3. Intermolecular forces  2.1.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  2.2. Pressure  2.2.1. Definition of Pressure  2.2.2. Pressure in liquids  2.2.3. Atmospheric pressure  2.2.4. Pascal's principle  2.2.5. Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy  2.2.6. Surface tension and capillarity  2.3. Elasticity  2.3.1. Hooke's law  2.3.2. Stress and strain  2.3.3. Elastic Limit and Modulus of Elasticity  2.3.4. Applications of Elasticity
  3. Thermal physics  3.1. heat and temperature  3.1.1. Difference Between Heat and Temperature  3.1.2. Temperature scale  3.1.3. Thermal expansion  3.1.4. Thermal equilibrium  3.2. Heat transfer  3.2.1. Conductivity  3.2.2. Convection  3.2.3. Radiation  3.2.4. Insulation and its applications  3.3. Thermal properties of matter  3.3.1. Specific heat capacity  3.3.2. Latent heat and phase change  3.3.3. Boiling and Melting Point  3.3.4. Heat engines and refrigeration  3.4. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.4.1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics  3.4.2. First law of thermodynamics  3.4.3. Second law of thermodynamics  3.4.4. Carnot cycle
  4. Waves and optics  4.1. Nature and properties of waves  4.1.1. Types of waves in nature and properties of waves  4.1.2. Transverse and longitudinal waves  4.1.3. Wave parameters  4.1.4. Reflection and refraction of waves  4.1.5. Superposition and Interference  4.1.6. Standing Waves and Resonance  4.1.7. Doppler effect  4.2. Sound waves  4.2.1. Characteristics of sound waves  4.2.2. Speed of sound in different mediums  4.2.3. Applications of sound waves  4.2.4. Ultrasound and its uses  4.3. Light Waves and Optics  4.3.1. Nature of light  4.3.2. Reflection of light  4.3.3. Laws of reflection  4.3.4. Mirrors and Image Formation  4.3.5. Refraction of light  4.3.6. Snell's Law  4.3.7. Lenses and Image Formation  4.3.8. Total internal reflection and critical angle  4.3.9. Optical fibre  4.4. Optical Instruments  4.4.1. Microscope  4.4.2. Telescope  4.4.3. Human eye and vision defects  4.4.4. Camera and its working principle
  5. Electricity and Magnetism  5.1. Electrostatics  5.1.1. Electric charge and its properties  5.1.2. Conductors and Insulators  5.1.3. Coulomb's law  5.1.4. Electric field and field lines  5.1.5. Electric potential and potential difference  5.1.6. Capacitors and Capacitance  5.2. Current Electricity  5.2.1. Electric current and its measurement  5.2.2. Ohm's law  5.2.3. Resistance and resistivity  5.2.4. Series and Parallel Circuits  5.2.5. Electric power and energy  5.2.6. Kirchhoff's Laws  5.3. Magnetism and Electromagnetism  5.3.1. Magnetic field and field lines  5.3.2. Magnetic effects of electric current  5.3.3. Electromagnetic induction  5.3.4. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction  5.3.5. Transformers and Applications  5.3.6. AC and DC current
  6. Modern Physics  6.1. Nuclear physics  6.1.1. Structure of the atom  6.1.2. Bohr's atomic model  6.1.3. Electron Energy Levels  6.1.4. X-rays and applications  6.2. Radioactivity  6.2.1. Types of radiation  6.2.2. Half-life and radioactive decay  6.2.3. Nuclear reactions and applications  6.2.4. Fission and Fusion  6.3. Quantum physics  6.3.1. Wave–particle duality  6.3.2. Photoelectric effect  6.3.3. Energy quantization  6.3.4. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
  7. Electronics and Communication  7.1. Semiconductors  7.1.1. Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors  7.1.2. Diodes and their applications  7.1.3. Transistors and Logic Gates  7.1.4. LEDs and photodiodes  7.2. Communication Systems  7.2.1. Basics of communication  7.2.2. Analog and digital signals  7.2.3. Wireless and optical fibre communication  7.2.4. Radio Waves and Modulation

Grade 10 → Properties of matter ↓


Elasticity


Elasticity is an important property of matter that deals with how substances deform under stress and return to their original shape when the stress is removed. In simple terms, elasticity describes how flexible or stretchy a substance is. Common examples of elastic materials include rubber bands, springs, and stretchy fabrics, which can stretch when pulled and later return to their original shape.

Understanding elasticity

When a force is applied to an object, it can change the size or shape of that object. If the material is elastic, it will return to its original shape when the force is removed. Elasticity is a measure of how reversible this deformation is. Let's explore some basic concepts related to elasticity.

Hooke's law

One of the most basic theories describing elasticity in materials is Hooke's law. According to Hooke's law:

The force required to stretch or compress a spring a distance is proportional to that distance.
F = k * x

Where:

  • F is the force applied on the object.
  • k is the stiffness or spring constant of the material.
  • x is the displacement or change in length from the original length.

Hooke's law is a linear approximation and is valid only within the elastic limit of a material.

Displacement (x) Force(F)

Elastic limit

The elastic limit of a material is the maximum extent to which it can be stretched or compressed without permanent deformation. Beyond this point, the material cannot return to its original shape, and plastic deformation occurs. For example, a rubber band can only be stretched so much without returning to its original shape.

Within the elastic limit, the material will follow Hooke's law, but beyond this limit, the behaviour of the material becomes non-linear.

Young's modulus

Young's modulus is another important term in understanding elasticity. It is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and is defined as the ratio of tensile stress and tensile strain. It is also known as the modulus of elasticity.

E = σ / ε

Where:

  • E is Young's modulus.
  • σ is the tensile stress.
  • ε is the tensile strain.

A high Young's modulus indicates a stiff material, while a low Young's modulus indicates a flexible material.

Applications of elasticity

Elasticity is widely used in everyday life and in various industries. Here are some examples:

Construction and architecture

In construction, materials such as steel and concrete need to have a certain amount of elasticity to absorb forces such as wind and seismic activity without breaking. Engineers carefully select materials with the proper elasticity to ensure the safety and durability of structures.

Clothing and textiles

Materials such as spandex are used in clothing because they can stretch and return to their original shape, providing comfort and flexibility. Elastic fibers are combined with other fibers to create clothing that fits well and retains its shape over time.

Automotive industry

Springs are an integral part of shock absorbers in vehicles. They compress and expand to absorb and reduce shock impulses, thereby improving the smoothness of the ride.

Sports material

Elasticity is very important in the design of sports equipment such as tennis rackets, golf clubs and trampolines. These items depend on both the elasticity and the strength of the material to function properly and enhance performance.

Factors affecting elasticity

The elasticity of a material is affected by many factors. Understanding these factors can help in selecting the right material for specific applications.

Temperature

Most materials become less flexible at higher temperatures. For example, metal expands when heated and loses some flexibility. In contrast, rubber becomes more flexible when slightly heated.

Material composition

The molecular structure of a material significantly affects its elasticity. Polymers such as rubber have long, flexible molecular chains that give them high elasticity, while ceramics have stiff, tightly bound atoms that make them less elastic.

Internal structure

The size and orientation of grains in materials such as metals can also affect their elasticity. Finer grained structures generally increase the elasticity of metals, making them more resistant to permanent deformation.

A B C

Simple example

Rubber band

A rubber band is a classic example of elasticity. When you stretch a rubber band, you apply force to it which changes its shape. If you release the force, it returns to its original shape, which shows its elastic nature.

Spring

Springs are designed to store mechanical energy. When you compress or extend a spring, it exerts a force to return to its natural length, which puts into action the principles of elasticity and Hooke's law.

Elasticity has a profound impact on the way we design, use and understand materials in our daily lives and technology. Whether it's choosing the right material for a bridge or developing sporting goods, understanding elasticity helps us make informed decisions.


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Elasticity

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