Grade 10
  1. Mechanics  1.1. Dynamics  1.1.1. Motion in one dimension  1.1.2. Motion in two dimensions  1.1.3. Displacement and Distance  1.1.4. Speed and Velocity  1.1.5. Acceleration  1.1.6. Graphical representation of motion  1.1.7. Equations of motion  1.1.8. Free fall and acceleration due to gravity  1.1.9. Projectile motion  1.1.10. Relative speed  1.2. Dynamics  1.2.1. Newton's Laws of Motion  1.2.2. Inertia and mass  1.2.3. Force and its types  1.2.4. action and reaction force  1.2.5. Friction and its effects  1.2.6. Coefficient of friction  1.2.7. Circular motion  1.2.8. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration  1.2.9. Momentum and Impulse  1.2.10. Conservation of momentum  1.2.11. Newton's third law and applications  1.3. Work, Energy and Power  1.3.1. Work done by the force  1.3.2. Work–energy theorem  1.3.3. Kinetic energy  1.3.4. Potential energy  1.3.5. Mechanical energy  1.3.6. Energy Conservation  1.3.7. Power and efficiency  1.3.8. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources  1.4. Gravitational force  1.4.1. Newton's law of universal gravitation  1.4.2. Gravitational field and field strength  1.4.3. Acceleration due to gravity on different planets  1.4.4. Kepler's laws of planetary motion  1.4.5. Orbits and satellites  1.4.6. Weight and apparent weight  1.4.7. Gravitational potential energy
  2. Properties of matter  2.1. States of matter  2.1.1. Solid, liquid and gas  2.1.2. Molecular structure of matter  2.1.3. Intermolecular forces  2.1.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  2.2. Pressure  2.2.1. Definition of Pressure  2.2.2. Pressure in liquids  2.2.3. Atmospheric pressure  2.2.4. Pascal's principle  2.2.5. Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy  2.2.6. Surface tension and capillarity  2.3. Elasticity  2.3.1. Hooke's law  2.3.2. Stress and strain  2.3.3. Elastic Limit and Modulus of Elasticity  2.3.4. Applications of Elasticity
  3. Thermal physics  3.1. heat and temperature  3.1.1. Difference Between Heat and Temperature  3.1.2. Temperature scale  3.1.3. Thermal expansion  3.1.4. Thermal equilibrium  3.2. Heat transfer  3.2.1. Conductivity  3.2.2. Convection  3.2.3. Radiation  3.2.4. Insulation and its applications  3.3. Thermal properties of matter  3.3.1. Specific heat capacity  3.3.2. Latent heat and phase change  3.3.3. Boiling and Melting Point  3.3.4. Heat engines and refrigeration  3.4. Laws of Thermodynamics  3.4.1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics  3.4.2. First law of thermodynamics  3.4.3. Second law of thermodynamics  3.4.4. Carnot cycle
  4. Waves and optics  4.1. Nature and properties of waves  4.1.1. Types of waves in nature and properties of waves  4.1.2. Transverse and longitudinal waves  4.1.3. Wave parameters  4.1.4. Reflection and refraction of waves  4.1.5. Superposition and Interference  4.1.6. Standing Waves and Resonance  4.1.7. Doppler effect  4.2. Sound waves  4.2.1. Characteristics of sound waves  4.2.2. Speed of sound in different mediums  4.2.3. Applications of sound waves  4.2.4. Ultrasound and its uses  4.3. Light Waves and Optics  4.3.1. Nature of light  4.3.2. Reflection of light  4.3.3. Laws of reflection  4.3.4. Mirrors and Image Formation  4.3.5. Refraction of light  4.3.6. Snell's Law  4.3.7. Lenses and Image Formation  4.3.8. Total internal reflection and critical angle  4.3.9. Optical fibre  4.4. Optical Instruments  4.4.1. Microscope  4.4.2. Telescope  4.4.3. Human eye and vision defects  4.4.4. Camera and its working principle
  5. Electricity and Magnetism  5.1. Electrostatics  5.1.1. Electric charge and its properties  5.1.2. Conductors and Insulators  5.1.3. Coulomb's law  5.1.4. Electric field and field lines  5.1.5. Electric potential and potential difference  5.1.6. Capacitors and Capacitance  5.2. Current Electricity  5.2.1. Electric current and its measurement  5.2.2. Ohm's law  5.2.3. Resistance and resistivity  5.2.4. Series and Parallel Circuits  5.2.5. Electric power and energy  5.2.6. Kirchhoff's Laws  5.3. Magnetism and Electromagnetism  5.3.1. Magnetic field and field lines  5.3.2. Magnetic effects of electric current  5.3.3. Electromagnetic induction  5.3.4. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction  5.3.5. Transformers and Applications  5.3.6. AC and DC current
  6. Modern Physics  6.1. Nuclear physics  6.1.1. Structure of the atom  6.1.2. Bohr's atomic model  6.1.3. Electron Energy Levels  6.1.4. X-rays and applications  6.2. Radioactivity  6.2.1. Types of radiation  6.2.2. Half-life and radioactive decay  6.2.3. Nuclear reactions and applications  6.2.4. Fission and Fusion  6.3. Quantum physics  6.3.1. Wave–particle duality  6.3.2. Photoelectric effect  6.3.3. Energy quantization  6.3.4. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
  7. Electronics and Communication  7.1. Semiconductors  7.1.1. Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors  7.1.2. Diodes and their applications  7.1.3. Transistors and Logic Gates  7.1.4. LEDs and photodiodes  7.2. Communication Systems  7.2.1. Basics of communication  7.2.2. Analog and digital signals  7.2.3. Wireless and optical fibre communication  7.2.4. Radio Waves and Modulation

Grade 10 → Thermal physics ↓


Thermal properties of matter


Welcome to the exploration of "Thermal Properties of Matter". This topic in thermal physics deals with understanding how matter behaves when subjected to thermal energy. Understanding these properties helps us in various applications, from everyday household appliances to sophisticated scientific instruments. This detailed explanation will cover various aspects of thermal energy, such as heat capacity, thermal expansion and conductivity, etc.

1. Introduction to thermal energy

Thermal energy, commonly known as heat, is energy that comes from the temperature of matter. The hotter an object is, the more its atoms and molecules move, producing thermal energy. This is the internal energy present in a system due to its temperature. Let's find out more!

Consider a cup of hot coffee. The steam rising from it can warm your hands because it has high thermal energy. In contrast, a cold ice cube will draw heat out of your hands, making them cold. These everyday experiences illustrate the transfer of thermal energy.

2. Heat capacity

Heat capacity refers to the amount of heat required to change the temperature of an object by a particular amount. Each substance has a specific heat capacity, usually expressed as joules per degree Celsius (J/°C)

Specific heat capacity

Specific heat capacity is an important property. It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree Celsius. Its formula is as follows:

q = mcΔT

where q is the heat absorbed or released, m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

3. Thermal expansion

Thermal expansion is the tendency of a substance to change its shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature. When the temperature rises, substances generally expand, and when they cool, they contract.

This principle is evident in bridges, where expansion joints are used to allow for expansion and contraction due to temperature changes. Without these joints, the material can warp or break.

4. Thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity is the ability of a substance to conduct heat. Materials with high thermal conductivity, such as metals, easily allow the transfer of thermal energy, while materials with low thermal conductivity, such as wood, act as insulators.

Example

When you heat one end of a metal rod, the other end will heat up due to thermal conduction. In contrast, if you perform the same experiment with a wooden rod, the other end will remain relatively cool.

5. State change

A change of state involves the transformation of matter from one state to another, such as from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas. These changes are driven by thermal energy. The heat required for a change of state is called latent heat.

Melting and boiling

Melting occurs when a solid becomes a liquid, and boiling occurs when a liquid turns into a gas. Both processes require heat energy to break the bonds between molecules.

L = mL

In the above formula, L is latent heat, m is mass, and L is specific latent heat.

6. Applications of thermal properties

Understanding thermal properties has many applications. Engineers and scientists use thermal expansion concepts when constructing buildings and roads. Specific heat capacity is important in designing heating and cooling systems.

Real-world applications

  • Thermal blankets constructed from materials with low thermal conductivity are effective at retaining body heat.

  • Thermometers use the principle of thermal expansion, where the fluid inside expands or contracts with changes in temperature, indicating temperature.

  • Electric kettles use the high thermal conductivity of metals to heat water quickly.

7. Conclusions

The thermal properties of matter are important for understanding how different substances react to temperature changes. These properties have practical implications in everyday life, from keeping our homes warm to running industrial machinery efficiently. By studying thermal properties, we gain insight into the behavior and characteristics of different substances under thermal energy.

Let's continue exploring the wonders of thermal physics! This foundational knowledge prepared us for deeper study into thermodynamics and physics.


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Thermal properties of matter

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