Grade 9
  1. Mechanics  1.1. Motion  1.1.1. Types of motion  1.1.2. Distance and displacement  1.1.3. Speed and Velocity  1.1.4. Acceleration  1.1.5. Graphical representation of motion  1.1.6. Equations of motion  1.1.7. Uniform and non-uniform motion  1.1.8. Free fall and acceleration due to gravity  1.1.9. Relative speed  1.1.10. Circular motion  1.2. Laws of force and motion  1.2.1. The concept of force  1.2.2. newton's first law of motion  1.2.3. Newton's second law of motion  1.2.4. Newton's third law of motion  1.2.5. Inertia and types of inertia  1.2.6. Motion  1.2.7. Conservation of momentum  1.2.8. Application of Newton's laws in daily life  1.2.9. Types of Forces (Contact and Non-Contact)  1.2.10. Friction and its effects  1.3. Gravitational force  1.3.1. Newton's law of universal gravitation  1.3.2. Importance of Gravitational Force  1.3.3. Acceleration due to gravity  1.3.4. Free fall and weightlessness  1.3.5. Mass and weight  1.3.6. Variation of g with height and depth  1.3.7. Kepler's laws of planetary motion  1.3.8. Satellites and their orbits  1.4. Work, Energy and Power  1.4.1. Concept of work  1.4.2. Positive and negative actions  1.4.3. Work done by constant and variable force  1.4.4. Energy and its forms  1.4.5. Kinetic energy and potential energy  1.4.6. Law of conservation of energy  1.4.8. Commercial unit of energy  1.4.9. Work–energy theorem  1.5. Simple machines  1.5.1. Types of simple machines  1.5.2. Mechanical advantage  1.5.3. Machine efficiency  1.5.4. Levers and their types  1.5.5. Pulleys and Inclined Planes  1.5.6. Gears and their uses
  2. Properties of matter  2.1. States of matter  2.1.1. Solids, liquids and gases  2.1.2. Properties of different states of matter  2.1.3. Change in state of matter  2.1.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  2.2. Density and pressure  2.2.1. Concept of density and relative density  2.2.2. Pressure in solids, liquids and gases  2.2.3. Pascal's law and its applications  2.2.4. Atmospheric pressure and its variations  2.2.5. Surface tension and capillarity  2.3. Buoyancy and Archimedes' principle  2.3.1. Buoyant force  2.3.2. Archimedes principle  2.3.3. Applications of Archimedes' Principle  2.3.4. floating and sinking objects  2.3.5. Theory of Flotation and Archimedes' Principle
  3. Heat and Thermodynamics  3.1. Temperature and heat  3.1.1. Concept of heat and temperature  3.1.2. Temperature measurement  3.1.3. Temperature scales  3.2. Heat transfer  3.2.1. Conduction of heat  3.2.2. Convection of heat  3.2.3. heat radiation  3.2.4. Applications of heat transfer  3.2.5. Thermal conductivity  3.3. Thermal expansion  3.3.1. Expansion of solids, liquids and gases  3.3.2. Abnormal expansion of water  3.3.3. Applications of Thermal Expansion  3.4. Specific heat capacity and latent heat  3.4.1. Concept of specific heat capacity  3.4.2. Measurement and applications of specific heat  3.4.3. Latent heat of fusion and vaporization  3.4.4. Heat Engines and Efficiency
  4. Waves and sound  4.1. Waves and their types  4.1.1. Mechanical and electromagnetic waves  4.1.2. Longitudinal and Transverse Waves  4.1.3. Properties of Waves  4.1.4. Wavelength, frequency and speed of the wave  4.1.5. Superimposition of waves  4.2. Sound waves  4.2.1. Nature and transmission of sound  4.2.2. Speed of sound in different mediums  4.2.3. Reflection of sound and echo  4.2.4. Sonar and ultrasound  4.2.5. Resonance and pulsation  4.3. Sound characteristics  4.3.1. Intensity, loudness and quality of sound  4.3.2. Doppler effect in sound
  5. Lighting and Optics  5.1. Reflection of light  5.1.1. Laws of reflection  5.1.2. Reflection from a plane mirror  5.1.3. Reflection from a spherical mirror  5.1.4. Image formation by concave and convex mirrors  5.1.5. Applications of Reflection  5.2. Refraction of light  5.2.1. Laws of refraction  5.2.2. Refractive index  5.2.3. Refraction through a glass slab  5.2.4. Refraction in water and air  5.2.5. Lenses and their types  5.2.6. Image formation by convex and concave lenses  5.2.7. Total internal reflection and its applications  5.3. Dispersion and scattering of light  5.3.1. Spectrum of white light  5.3.2. Prisms and Dispersion  5.3.3. Tyndall effect and blue sky
  6. Electricity and Magnetism  6.1. Electric charge and static electricity  6.1.1. The concept of electric charge  6.1.2. Charging by friction, contact and induction  6.1.3. Electroscope and its working  6.2. Current Electricity  6.2.1. The concept of electric current  6.2.2. Ohm's Law and Resistance  6.2.3. Factors affecting resistance  6.2.4. Series and Parallel Circuits  6.2.5. Heating effect of electric current  6.2.6. Electric power and energy  6.3. Magnetism  6.3.1. Natural and artificial magnets  6.3.2. Properties of magnets  6.3.3. Earth's magnetism  6.3.4. Magnetic field and field lines  6.3.5. Electromagnets and their applications
  7. Modern Physics  7.1. structure of the atom  7.1.1. Atomic Structure and Subatomic Particles  7.1.2. Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons  7.1.3. Rutherford and Bohr model  7.2. Radioactivity  7.2.1. Types of radioactive emissions  7.2.2. Half-life and radioactive decay  7.2.3. Uses and Hazards of Radioactivity
  8. Space science and astronomy  8.1. The universe and its components  8.1.1. Stars and galaxies  8.1.2. Planets and Solar System  8.2. Satellites  8.2.1. Natural and artificial satellites  8.2.2. Use of satellites

Grade 9 ↓


Properties of matter


Matter is everything that occupies space and has mass. It exists in different forms, and each form has different properties that can be observed and measured. In this detailed explanation, we will explore the properties of matter that are often discussed in grade 9 physics. The properties of matter help us understand how and why matter behaves the way it does.

Basic understanding of matter

Before diving into the properties, it is important to understand what matter is made of. Matter is made up of atoms and molecules. Atoms are small particles consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Molecules are groups of atoms bonded together. The behavior and interactions of these particles define the various properties of matter.

Atom Nucleus

States of matter

A basic way to classify matter is by its state. Matter usually exists in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas. Each state has its own distinct properties.

Solids

Solids have a definite shape and volume. This is because the particles in solids are packed very closely in a definite arrangement and there is very little movement among them. Common examples of solids include ice, metal and wood.

Solid particles

Liquids

Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container. The particles in liquids are less tightly packed than those in solids, allowing them to flow past one another. Water, oil, and alcohol are examples of liquids.

Liquid particles

Gases

Gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. The particles of gases are spread out and move rapidly in all directions. Air, steam and carbon dioxide are examples of gases.

Gas particles

Physical properties of matter

Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed without changing the matter into another substance. Here are some common physical properties:

Density

Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. It is expressed as:

Density (ρ) = Mass (m) / Volume (V)

Density is an important property because it determines whether a substance will float or sink in another substance. For example, ice floats on water because it has a lower density than water.

Melting and boiling point

The melting point is the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid, while the boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas. These points vary for different substances and indicate how strongly the particles are bound together.

Solubility

Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance. For example, salt is water soluble, which means it can dissolve in water to form a solution.

Lustre

Lustre refers to how shiny or reflective a substance appears. Metals such as gold and silver have a lot of lustre, making them suitable for jewellery.

Chemical properties of matter

Chemical properties are characteristics that describe the ability of a substance to undergo chemical change.

Reactivity

Reactivity is how easily a substance undergoes chemical changes when it comes into contact with other substances. For example, sodium reacts vigorously with water, while gold is known for its low reactivity.

pH levels

The pH level measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. Substances with a pH less than 7 are acidic, substances with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline, and substances with a pH equal to 7 are neutral.

Thermal properties

Thermal properties are properties that describe how a substance responds to heat. An understanding of these properties is essential for controlling temperatures in a variety of scientific and industrial processes.

Conductivity

Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat. Metals are good conductors of heat, which is why they are used in cooking utensils.

Expansion

Thermal expansion means the increase in the volume of a substance as its temperature increases. This property is important in applications such as thermometers and in the design of buildings and bridges.

Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties are those that relate to the response of a material to mechanical forces.

Hardness

Hardness refers to a material's resistance to deformation or scratching. Diamond is one of the hardest known substances.

Elasticity

Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed. Materials such as rubber are elastic.

Strength

Strength is the ability of a material to withstand applied force without breaking. Steel is known for its strength and is used in construction.

Examples and applications

Different properties of matter are used in different applications. Here are some examples:

  • Cooking: We use utensils made of metals because of their high thermal conductivity, which allows them to heat evenly and cook food efficiently.
  • Construction: Steel is chosen for tall buildings because of its strength and flexibility, making it resilient to forces such as wind.
  • Jewellery: Gold and diamonds are used in jewellery due to their high lustre and hardness respectively.
  • Medicine: Certain chemicals react in predictable ways with the human body and are used to make effective medicines.

Conclusion

Understanding the properties of matter helps us predict how substances will behave under different conditions. By exploring these properties, we gain information about the suitability of substances for various applications and innovations in technology and industry. From the density that determines whether a ship floats, to the reactivity that drives chemical reactions, the properties of matter are fundamental to the science of physics and to our everyday lives.


Grade 9 → 2


U
username
0%
completed in Grade 9

← Prev (1.5.6)
Gears and their uses
Next (2.1) →
States of matter

Comments 



Properties of matter

https://www.physicsflow.com/g9/2?pfal=en