Grade 9
  1. Mechanics  1.1. Motion  1.1.1. Types of motion  1.1.2. Distance and displacement  1.1.3. Speed and Velocity  1.1.4. Acceleration  1.1.5. Graphical representation of motion  1.1.6. Equations of motion  1.1.7. Uniform and non-uniform motion  1.1.8. Free fall and acceleration due to gravity  1.1.9. Relative speed  1.1.10. Circular motion  1.2. Laws of force and motion  1.2.1. The concept of force  1.2.2. newton's first law of motion  1.2.3. Newton's second law of motion  1.2.4. Newton's third law of motion  1.2.5. Inertia and types of inertia  1.2.6. Motion  1.2.7. Conservation of momentum  1.2.8. Application of Newton's laws in daily life  1.2.9. Types of Forces (Contact and Non-Contact)  1.2.10. Friction and its effects  1.3. Gravitational force  1.3.1. Newton's law of universal gravitation  1.3.2. Importance of Gravitational Force  1.3.3. Acceleration due to gravity  1.3.4. Free fall and weightlessness  1.3.5. Mass and weight  1.3.6. Variation of g with height and depth  1.3.7. Kepler's laws of planetary motion  1.3.8. Satellites and their orbits  1.4. Work, Energy and Power  1.4.1. Concept of work  1.4.2. Positive and negative actions  1.4.3. Work done by constant and variable force  1.4.4. Energy and its forms  1.4.5. Kinetic energy and potential energy  1.4.6. Law of conservation of energy  1.4.8. Commercial unit of energy  1.4.9. Work–energy theorem  1.5. Simple machines  1.5.1. Types of simple machines  1.5.2. Mechanical advantage  1.5.3. Machine efficiency  1.5.4. Levers and their types  1.5.5. Pulleys and Inclined Planes  1.5.6. Gears and their uses
  2. Properties of matter  2.1. States of matter  2.1.1. Solids, liquids and gases  2.1.2. Properties of different states of matter  2.1.3. Change in state of matter  2.1.4. Plasma and Bose–Einstein condensate  2.2. Density and pressure  2.2.1. Concept of density and relative density  2.2.2. Pressure in solids, liquids and gases  2.2.3. Pascal's law and its applications  2.2.4. Atmospheric pressure and its variations  2.2.5. Surface tension and capillarity  2.3. Buoyancy and Archimedes' principle  2.3.1. Buoyant force  2.3.2. Archimedes principle  2.3.3. Applications of Archimedes' Principle  2.3.4. floating and sinking objects  2.3.5. Theory of Flotation and Archimedes' Principle
  3. Heat and Thermodynamics  3.1. Temperature and heat  3.1.1. Concept of heat and temperature  3.1.2. Temperature measurement  3.1.3. Temperature scales  3.2. Heat transfer  3.2.1. Conduction of heat  3.2.2. Convection of heat  3.2.3. heat radiation  3.2.4. Applications of heat transfer  3.2.5. Thermal conductivity  3.3. Thermal expansion  3.3.1. Expansion of solids, liquids and gases  3.3.2. Abnormal expansion of water  3.3.3. Applications of Thermal Expansion  3.4. Specific heat capacity and latent heat  3.4.1. Concept of specific heat capacity  3.4.2. Measurement and applications of specific heat  3.4.3. Latent heat of fusion and vaporization  3.4.4. Heat Engines and Efficiency
  4. Waves and sound  4.1. Waves and their types  4.1.1. Mechanical and electromagnetic waves  4.1.2. Longitudinal and Transverse Waves  4.1.3. Properties of Waves  4.1.4. Wavelength, frequency and speed of the wave  4.1.5. Superimposition of waves  4.2. Sound waves  4.2.1. Nature and transmission of sound  4.2.2. Speed of sound in different mediums  4.2.3. Reflection of sound and echo  4.2.4. Sonar and ultrasound  4.2.5. Resonance and pulsation  4.3. Sound characteristics  4.3.1. Intensity, loudness and quality of sound  4.3.2. Doppler effect in sound
  5. Lighting and Optics  5.1. Reflection of light  5.1.1. Laws of reflection  5.1.2. Reflection from a plane mirror  5.1.3. Reflection from a spherical mirror  5.1.4. Image formation by concave and convex mirrors  5.1.5. Applications of Reflection  5.2. Refraction of light  5.2.1. Laws of refraction  5.2.2. Refractive index  5.2.3. Refraction through a glass slab  5.2.4. Refraction in water and air  5.2.5. Lenses and their types  5.2.6. Image formation by convex and concave lenses  5.2.7. Total internal reflection and its applications  5.3. Dispersion and scattering of light  5.3.1. Spectrum of white light  5.3.2. Prisms and Dispersion  5.3.3. Tyndall effect and blue sky
  6. Electricity and Magnetism  6.1. Electric charge and static electricity  6.1.1. The concept of electric charge  6.1.2. Charging by friction, contact and induction  6.1.3. Electroscope and its working  6.2. Current Electricity  6.2.1. The concept of electric current  6.2.2. Ohm's Law and Resistance  6.2.3. Factors affecting resistance  6.2.4. Series and Parallel Circuits  6.2.5. Heating effect of electric current  6.2.6. Electric power and energy  6.3. Magnetism  6.3.1. Natural and artificial magnets  6.3.2. Properties of magnets  6.3.3. Earth's magnetism  6.3.4. Magnetic field and field lines  6.3.5. Electromagnets and their applications
  7. Modern Physics  7.1. structure of the atom  7.1.1. Atomic Structure and Subatomic Particles  7.1.2. Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons  7.1.3. Rutherford and Bohr model  7.2. Radioactivity  7.2.1. Types of radioactive emissions  7.2.2. Half-life and radioactive decay  7.2.3. Uses and Hazards of Radioactivity
  8. Space science and astronomy  8.1. The universe and its components  8.1.1. Stars and galaxies  8.1.2. Planets and Solar System  8.2. Satellites  8.2.1. Natural and artificial satellites  8.2.2. Use of satellites

Grade 9 → Properties of matter → States of matter ↓


Properties of different states of matter


Matter is everything that has mass and occupies space. All the matter around us is made up of tiny particles called atoms. These atoms arrange in different ways to form different substances. Matter can exist in many states, the most common of which are solid, liquid, and gas. In this article, we will learn about the properties of these different states of matter.

Solids

Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. This means that solids do not change their shape or volume easily. The particles in solids are tightly bound to each other, which is why solids are rigid and incompressible. Some of the main properties of solids are as follows:

Key characteristics

  • Definite shape: Solids do not conform to the shape of their container. For example, a piece of ice retains its shape no matter what container it is placed in.
  • Fixed volume: Solids have a fixed volume that does not change with pressure. For example, a brick maintains its volume whether it is placed on the ground or immersed in water.
  • High density: The particles are closely packed together, which is why solids are often heavier than liquids or gases of the same volume.

Visual example

        <svg width="200" height="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <rect x="10" y="10" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> <rect x="50" y="10" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> <rect x="90" y="10" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> <rect x="10" y="50" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> <rect x="50" y="50" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> <rect x="90" y="50" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> </svg>
        <svg width="200" height="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <rect x="10" y="10" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> <rect x="50" y="10" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> <rect x="90" y="10" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> <rect x="10" y="50" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> <rect x="50" y="50" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> <rect x="90" y="50" width="30" height="30" fill="blue" /> </svg>

In the above illustration, each rectangle represents particles in a solid, which are tightly packed and arranged in a certain pattern.

Examples in daily life

Common examples of solids include ice, wood, metal, and plastic. When you move these substances from one place to another, they still retain their shape unless a force is applied to break them or change their shape.

Liquids

Liquids have a fixed volume, but they take the shape of their container. The particles in a liquid are less tightly packed than those in a solid, allowing them to flow and take different shapes. Here are some of the main properties of liquids:

Key characteristics

  • Variable shape: Liquids take on the shape of their container while maintaining a constant volume. For example, water in a cup will have a different shape than water in a bowl.
  • Fixed volume: Liquids do not easily compress or expand under normal conditions. A liter of milk remains a liter, no matter what the container is.
  • Lower density than solids: Liquids generally have lower density than solids (with a few exceptions like ice and water).

Visual example

        <svg width="200" height="100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M10,90 C40,10, 160,10, 190,90 Z" fill="blue" /> </svg>
        <svg width="200" height="100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M10,90 C40,10, 160,10, 190,90 Z" fill="blue" /> </svg>

The above curve represents the surface of a liquid in a container, showing how it conforms to the shape of the container while maintaining a constant volume.

Examples in daily life

Water is the most common example of a liquid. Juice, oil, and gasoline are other examples of substances that easily change shape but do not change volume unless they are used or spilled.

Gases

Gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. They expand to fill their container, whatever their shape. The particles in a gas are far apart from each other, so gases are easily compressed. The main properties of gases are as follows:

Key characteristics

  • Variable shape and volume: Gases expand to fill the shape and volume of their container. Air fills a room, balloon or tire, expanding or contracting with the given space.
  • Compressibility: Gases can be easily compressed. Compressed air systems and natural gas containers work because of this property.
  • Low density: The low density of gases allows them to float when controlled. Hot air balloons work by heating the air inside, making it less dense than the air outside the balloon.

Visual example

        <svg width="200" height="100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <circle cx="30" cy="50" r="5" fill="blue" /> <circle cx="70" cy="30" r="5" fill="blue" /> <circle cx="110" cy="70" r="5" fill="blue" /> <circle cx="150" cy="50" r="5" fill="blue" /> <circle cx="190" cy="40" r="5" fill="blue" /> </svg>
        <svg width="200" height="100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <circle cx="30" cy="50" r="5" fill="blue" /> <circle cx="70" cy="30" r="5" fill="blue" /> <circle cx="110" cy="70" r="5" fill="blue" /> <circle cx="150" cy="50" r="5" fill="blue" /> <circle cx="190" cy="40" r="5" fill="blue" /> </svg>

The diagram shows scattered circles that represent gas particles that are farther apart than solids and liquids.

Examples in daily life

Common gases include air, helium, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. We experience gases every day, from the air we breathe to the gases used for cooking and heating.

Behaviour of matter in different states

The state of matter changes when energy (usually in the form of heat) is added or removed. For example, water can exist as ice, liquid water, or steam, depending on the temperature. This process is explained by the kinetic theory of matter, which states that molecules are in constant motion. Adding energy increases this motion, potentially causing a change in the state of matter.

Formulas and calculations

Some formulas are very useful when studying the properties of matter:

        Density = Mass / Volume

Density can help compare materials and predict their behavior in different states. Understanding these principles is important in fields ranging from engineering to meteorology.

State change examples

Melting: When a solid substance becomes a liquid, it is called melting. A common example is ice turning into water when heated. The temperature at which this happens is called the melting point.

Freezing: The opposite of melting, freezing occurs when a liquid changes into a solid. Water freezing into ice in cold temperatures is an example of this.

Evaporation: This happens when a liquid turns into a gas, such as water boiling into steam. The temperature at which this happens is called the boiling point.

Condensation: Gases become liquids when they cool. Moisture on a glass of cold water is an example of condensation.

Conclusion

Understanding the states of matter is vital in physics and everyday life. From the ice that cools our drinks to the air we breathe, changes in state are always happening around us. Recognizing the properties of solids, liquids, and gases and knowing how they change from one state to another is important in terms of the fundamentals of matter and its behavior.


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Properties of different states of matter

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